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Mass Flow Analysis of Chromium and Chromium Compounds

Contents

Preface
  
Summary and conclusions
   
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective of the analysis
1.2 Method and scope
1.3 Chromium and chromium compounds
1.3.1 Occurrence and use of chromium
1.3.2 Physical/chemical characteristics
1.3.3 Electro-chemicals characteristics
1.3.4 Classification of chromium compounds
1.4 Prioritisation of the survey
1.4.1 Hazardousness and potential exposure
1.4.2 Chromium supply via goods and products
1.4.3 Summary
1.5 International market and development trends
   
2 Chromium use in Denmark
2.1 Iron and steel
2.1.1 Products and semi-finished goods made from iron and steel
2.2 Aluminium
2.3 Copper
2.4 Summary
   
3 Use of chromium compounds in Denmark
3.1 Introduction to chromium compounds
3.2 Surface treatment
3.2.1 Chromium plating
3.2.2 Hard chromium plating
3.2.3 Black chromium plating
3.2.4 Blue passivation of zinc
3.2.5 Chromium treatment of aluminium
3.2.6 Chromic acid pickling of aluminium
3.2.7 Chromic acid pickling of plastic
3.2.8 Anodising of aluminium
3.2.9 Chromium passivation after phosphatising
3.2.10 Miscellaneous processes
3.3 Pigments in paint and plastic
3.3.1 Pigments containing chromium in plastic
3.4 Impregnation agents/Wood preservation
3.5 Chromium used as a corrosion inhibitor
3.6 Tanning/leather
3.6.1 Leather tanning
3.6.2 Leather in finished goods
3.7 Accelerators, catalysts, hardeners
3.7.1 Catalysts for chemical processes
3.7.2 Accelerators in plastic
3.7.3 Accelerators in paint
3.7.4 Concrete hardener
3.7.5 Fillers, sealants, etc.
3.7.6 Putties
3.7.7 Glue
3.8 Textiles
3.8.1 Chromium in dyes and pigments
3.8.2 Chromium as an impurity in textile fibres
3.8.3 Supply of chromium with textiles
3.8.4 Disposal
3.9 Electronic storage
3.9.1 Use of chromium in magnetic media
3.9.2 Chromium in VHS video tapes
3.9.3 Chromium in audio tapes
3.9.4 Supply of chromium with magnetic media
3.10 Laboratory chemicals
3.11 Other uses of chromium compounds
3.11.1 Fireproof products and foundries
3.11.2 Chromium used in drilling mud when drilling for oil
3.12 Summary
    
4 Chromium as a trace constituent
4.1 Coal and oil
4.2 Cement
4.3 Summary
   
5 Circulation with waste
5.1 Recycling of metallic chromium
5.1.1 Circulation of chromium with iron and steel
5.1.2 Circulation with aluminium
5.1.3 Circulation with copper
5.2 Waste disposal
5.2.1 Total annual quantities of solid waste
5.2.2 Thermal waste treatment
5.2.3 Landfilling activities
5.2.4 Biological waste treatment
5.3 Circulation with chemical waste
5.4 Circulation with wastewater and wastewater sludge
5.5 Emissions to air
5.6 Area deposition
5.7 Summary
5.7.1 Recycling
5.7.2 Waste treatment
5.7.3 Chemical waste/dangerous waste
5.7.4 Wastewater and wastewater sludge
    
6 Overall assessment
6.1 Chromium consumption in Denmark, 1999
6.1.1 Net import of chromium and chromium compounds
6.1.2 Consumption of chromium and chromium compounds
6.2 Chromium input to the environment and landfills
6.2.1 Emissions to air
6.2.2 Emissions to water
6.2.3 Emissions to soil
6.2.4 Landfills
6.3 Chromium balance for Denmark, 1998–2000
    
List of references
   
Annex A: Supply of tools, knives, and cutlery made from stainless steel in Denmark 1998–2000, tonnes
   
Annex B: Supply of metals and aluminium alloys in Denmark, tonnes, 1998–2000
  
Annex C: Supply of copper metals and alloys in Denmark 1998–2000, tonnes
  
Annex D: Substances containing chromium used as pigments

 

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