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Fuel use and emissions from non-road machinery in Denmark from 1985-2004 - and projections from 2005-2030

2 Fuel use and emission factors

The emission factors used for emission calculations are classified according to the current emission legislation (see Chapter 1). For engines older than directive first implementation dates three additional emission level classes are added so that a complete matrix of fuel use and emission factors underpins the inventory.

Factors which also influence the emission estimates are engine ageing effects (deterioration factors), transient engine loads (transient factors) and the evaporation of gasoline fuels. Background data are also gathered in order to incorporate these effects in the fuel use and emission calculations.

2.1 Basis emission factors

For diesel engines actual fuel use and emission measurements of NOx, VOC, CO and TSP are behind the fuel use and emission factors for Stage II engine levels and before (IFEU, 2004). For Stage IIIA, IIIB and IV engines, the emission factors are estimated using the following assumption: If the emission factor constructed as 90% of the emission legislation value is higher than the Stage II value, for a given component and emission stage, the Stage II value is used. Otherwise, the 90% figure of the legislation value is used.

For Stage IIIA (all engine sizes, P=kW) and Stage IIIB (37<=P<56) the emission legislation limits are given as the sum of NOx and VOC (see Table 1). The constructed Stage IIIA emission factors for NOx and VOC are calculated as 90% of the product of the Stage IIIA (NOx+VOC) emission limit and the NOx/(NOx+VOC) or the VOC/(NOx+VOC) ratio for the corresponding Stage II emission limit.

For N2O and NH3 the emission factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR (2003).

Table 4 Fuel use and emission factors for diesel fuelled non road machinery

Engine size [P=kW] Emission Level NOx
[g/kWh]		 VOC CO N2O NH3 TSP Fuel
P<19 <1981 12.0 5.0 7 0.035 0.002 2.8 300
P<19 1981-1990 11.5 3.8 6 0.035 0.002 2.3 285
P<19 1991-Stage I 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
P<19 Stage I 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
P<19 Stage II 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
P<19 Stage IIIA 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
P<19 Stage IIIB 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
P<19 Stage IV 11.2 2.5 5 0.035 0.002 1.6 270
19<=P<37 <1981 18.0 2.5 6.5 0.035 0.002 2 300
19<=P<37 1981-1990 18.0 2.2 5.5 0.035 0.002 1.4 281
19<=P<37 1991-Stage I 9.8 1.8 4.5 0.035 0.002 1.4 262
19<=P<37 Stage I 9.8 1.8 4.5 0.035 0.002 1.4 262
19<=P<37 Stage II 6.5 0.6 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.4 262
19<=P<37 Stage IIIA 6.2 0.6 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.4 262
19<=P<37 Stage IIIB 6.2 0.6 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.4 262
19<=P<37 Stage IV 6.2 0.6 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.4 262
37<=P<56 <1981 7.7 2.4 6 0.035 0.002 1.8 290
37<=P<56 1981-1990 8.6 2.0 5.3 0.035 0.002 1.2 275
37<=P<56 1991-Stage I 11.5 1.5 4.5 0.035 0.002 0.8 260
37<=P<56 Stage I 7.7 0.6 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.4 260
37<=P<56 Stage II 5.5 0.4 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.2 260
37<=P<56 Stage IIIA 3.9 0.4 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.2 260
37<=P<56 Stage IIIB 3.9 0.4 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.0225 260
37<=P<56 Stage IV 3.9 0.4 2.2 0.035 0.002 0.0225 260
56<=P<75 <1981 7.7 2.0 5 0.035 0.002 1.4 290
56<=P<75 1981-1990 8.6 1.6 4.3 0.035 0.002 1 275
56<=P<75 1991-Stage I 11.5 1.2 3.5 0.035 0.002 0.4 260
56<=P<75 Stage I 7.7 0.4 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 260
56<=P<75 Stage II 5.5 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 260
56<=P<75 Stage IIIA 4.0 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 260
56<=P<75 Stage IIIB 3.0 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 260
56<=P<75 Stage IV 0.4 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 260
75<=P<130 <1981 10.5 2.0 5 0.035 0.002 1.4 280
75<=P<130 1981-1990 11.8 1.6 4.3 0.035 0.002 1 268
75<=P<130 1991-Stage I 13.3 1.2 3.5 0.035 0.002 0.4 255
75<=P<130 Stage I 8.1 0.4 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 255
75<=P<130 Stage II 5.2 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 255
75<=P<130 Stage IIIA 3.4 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 255
75<=P<130 Stage IIIB 3.0 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 255
75<=P<130 Stage IV 0.4 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 255
130<=P<560 <1981 17.8 1.5 2.5 0.035 0.002 0.9 270
130<=P<560 1981-1990 12.4 1.0 2.5 0.035 0.002 0.8 260
130<=P<560 1991-Stage I 11.2 0.5 2.5 0.035 0.002 0.4 250
130<=P<560 Stage I 7.6 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.2 250
130<=P<560 Stage II 5.2 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.1 250
130<=P<560 Stage IIIA 3.4 0.3 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.1 250
130<=P<560 Stage IIIB 3.0 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 250
130<=P<560 Stage IV 0.4 0.2 1.5 0.035 0.002 0.0225 250

For gasoline engines, the fuel use and NOx, VOC, CO and TSP (2-stroke only) emission factors are taken from IFEU (2004). For engines prior to stage I, the fuel use and emission factors are measured in various measurement programmes. For stage I and II engines a large number of type approval test results are used. The emission factor source for 4-stroke TSP is TNO (2001). For N2O and NH3 the emission factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR (2003). The emission factors used for hand held (SH) and not hand held (SN) types of working equipment are listed in the tables 5 and 6, for 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines respectively.

Table 5 Fuel use and emission factors for 4-stroke gasoline non road machinery

Engine Size code Size classe Emission Level NOx VOC CO N2O NH3 TSP Fuel
    [S=ccm]   [g/kWh]
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 <1981 2.4 33 198 0.002 0.03 0.08 496
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1981-1990 3.5 27.5 165 0.002 0.03 0.08 474
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1991-Stage I 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 451
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage I 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 406
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage II 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 406
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 <1981 2.4 33 198 0.002 0.03 0.08 496
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 1981-1990 3.5 27.5 165 0.002 0.03 0.08 474
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 1991-Stage I 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 451
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage I 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 406
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage II 4.7 22 132 0.002 0.03 0.08 406
4-stroke SN1 S<66 <1981 1.2 26.9 822 0.002 0.03 0.08 603
4-stroke SN1 S<66 1981-1990 1.8 22.5 685 0.002 0.03 0.08 603
4-stroke SN1 S<66 1991-Stage I 2.4 18 548 0.002 0.03 0.08 603
4-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage I 4.3 16.1 411 0.002 0.03 0.08 475
4-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage II 4.3 16.1 411 0.002 0.03 0.08 475
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 <1981 2.3 10.5 822 0.002 0.03 0.08 627
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1981-1990 3.5 8.7 685 0.002 0.03 0.08 599
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1991-Stage I 4.7 7 548 0.002 0.03 0.08 570
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage I 4.7 7 467 0.002 0.03 0.08 450
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage II 4.7 7 467 0.002 0.03 0.08 450
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 <1981 2.6 19.1 525 0.002 0.03 0.08 601
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1981-1990 3.8 15.9 438 0.002 0.03 0.08 573
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1991-Stage I 5.1 12.7 350 0.002 0.03 0.08 546
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage I 5.1 11.6 350 0.002 0.03 0.08 546
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage II 5.1 9.4 350 0.002 0.03 0.08 546
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 <1981 1.3 11.1 657 0.002 0.03 0.08 539
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 1981-1990 2 9.3 548 0.002 0.03 0.08 514
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 1991-Stage I 2.6 7.4 438 0.002 0.03 0.08 490
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage I 2.6 7.4 438 0.002 0.03 0.08 490
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage II 2.6 7.4 438 0.002 0.03 0.08 490

Table 6 Fuel use and emission factors for 2-stroke gasoline non road machinery

Engine Size code Size classe Emission Level NOx VOC CO N2O NH3 TSP Fuel
    [ccm]   [g/kWh]
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 <1981 1 305 695 0.002 0.01 7 882
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1981-1990 1 300 579 0.002 0.01 5.3 809
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1991-Stage I 1.1 203 463 0.002 0.01 3.5 735
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage I 1.5 188 379 0.002 0.01 3.5 720
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage II 1.5 44 379 0.002 0.01 3.5 500
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 <1981 1.1 189 510 0.002 0.01 3.6 665
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 1981-1990 1.1 158 425 0.002 0.01 2.7 609
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 1991-Stage I 1.2 126 340 0.002 0.01 1.8 554
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage I 2 126 340 0.002 0.01 1.8 529
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage II 1.2 64 340 0.002 0.01 1.8 500
2-stroke SN1 S<66 <1981 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN1 S<66 1981-1990 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN1 S<66 1991-Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage II 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 <1981 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1981-1990 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1991-Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage II 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 <1981 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1981-1990 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1991-Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage II 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 <1981 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 1981-1990 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 1991-Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage I 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage II 0.5 155 418 0.002 0.01 2.6 652

For LPG the fuel use factor and the emission factors of CO, VOC, NOx and TSP shown in Table 7 are taken from IFEU (2004). For N2O and NH3 the emission factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR (2003).

Table 7 Fuel use and emission factors for LPG fork lifts

NOx VOC CO NH3 N2O TSP FC
[g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh]
19 2.2 1.5 0.003 0.05 0.07 311

The emission factors for All terrain Vehicles (ATV) are derived from the European COPERT III road transport emission model as aggregated fuel related emission factors for small conventional motorcycles under urban driving conditions (Ntziachristos et al., 2000).

Table 8 Fuel use and emission factors for ATV's

ATV type NOx VOC CO NH3 N2O TSP Fuel
  [g/GJ] [g/GJ] [g/GJ] [g/GJ] [g/GJ] [g/GJ] [kg/hour]
Professional 108 1077 16306 2 2 32 1.125
Private 128 1527 22043 2 2 39 0.75

For recreational craft, the emission factors are shown in Table 8. For engines complying with Directive 2003/44, the CO and VOC emission legislation limits rely on engine size, and are calculated by inserting the engine size value into the CO and VOC emission factor equations in Table 3 (Chapter 1).

The final emission factors for CO, VOC, NOx and TSP are estimated using the assumption that if the emission factor constructed as 90% of the emission legislation value is higher than the conventional emission factor, the latter value is used. Otherwise, the 90% figure of the Directive 2003/44 legislation value is used.

For N2O and NH3 the emission factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR (2003).

Table 9 Fuel use and emission factors for recreational craft

Click here to see Table 9

The emission factors for NMVOC and CH4 are derived from the VOC emission factor using CH4 shares of VOC reported by USEPA (2004) for diesel and gasoline. The CH4 shares for LPG are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR (2003).

Table 10 CH4 shares of VOC for diesel, gasoline and LPG

Fuel type CH4 share of VOC
Diesel 0.016
Gasoline 4-stroke 0.1
Gasoline 2-stroke 0.009
LPG 0.05

2.2 Deterioration factors

The emissions from non road machinery increase as engines become older, and the deterioration factor expresses the emission factor increase during the entire engine lifetime, relative to the basis emission factor. The deterioration factors are taken from IFEU (2004) and are shown in the Tables 11-13 for diesel, 2-stroke gasoline and 4-stroke gasoline, respectively.

Table 11 Deterioration factors for diesel machinery

Emission Level NOx VOC CO TSP
<1981 0.024 0.047 0.185 0.473
1981-1990 0.024 0.047 0.185 0.473
1991-Stage I 0.024 0.047 0.185 0.473
Stage I 0.024 0.036 0.101 0.473
Stage II 0.009 0.034 0.101 0.473
Stage IIIA 0.008 0.027 0.151 0.473
Stage IIIB 0.008 0.027 0.151 0.473
Stage IV 0.008 0.027 0.151 0.473

Table 12 Deterioration factors for gasoline 2-stroke machinery

Engine Size code Size classe Emission Level NOx VOC CO TSP
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 <1981 0 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1981-1990 0 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1991-Stage I 0 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage I 0 0.29 0.24 0
2-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage II 0 0.29 0.24 0
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 <1981 -0.031 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 1981-1990 -0.031 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 1991-Stage I -0.031 0.2 0.2 0
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage I 0 0.266 0.231 0
2-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage II 0 0.266 0.231 0
2-stroke SN1 S<66 <1981 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN1 S<66 1981-1990 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN1 S<66 1991-Stage I -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage I -0.33 0.266 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage II -0.33 0 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 <1981 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1981-1990 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1991-Stage I -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage I -0.33 0.266 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage II -0.33 0 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 <1981 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1981-1990 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1991-Stage I -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage I -0.33 0.266 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage II -0.33 0 1.109 5.103
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 <1981 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 1981-1990 -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 1991-Stage I -0.6 0.201 0.9 1.1
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage I -0.274 0 0.887 1.935
2-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage II -0.274 0 0.887 1.935

Table 13 Deterioration factors for gasoline 4-stroke machinery

Engine Size code Size classe Emission Level NOx VOC CO TSP
4-stroke SN1 S<66 <1981 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN1 S<66 1981-1990 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN1 S<66 1991-Stage I -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage I -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN1 S<66 Stage II -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 <1981 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1981-1990 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 1991-Stage I -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage I -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN2 66<=S<100 Stage II -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 <1981 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1981-1990 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 1991-Stage I -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage I -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN3 100<=S<225 Stage II -0.3 1.753 1.051 1.753
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 <1981 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 1981-1990 -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 1991-Stage I -0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage I -0.599 1.095 1.307 1.095
4-stroke SN4 S>=225 Stage II -0.599 1.095 1.307 1.095
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 <1981 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1981-1990 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 1991-Stage I 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage I 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH2 20<=S<50 Stage II 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 <1981 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 1981-1990 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 1991-Stage I 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage I 0 0 0 0
4-stroke SH3 S>=50 Stage II 0 0 0 0

2.3 Transient factors

To account for fuel use and emission changes due to varying engine loads, transient factors, see IFEU (2004), are used in the fuel use and emission calculations for diesel machinery. In the inventory, the high load region is defined for load factors $0.4.

For stage IIIB and IV the EU type approval test procedure takes into account transient engine loads, and hence the transient factors become 1 for diesel machinery of these emission levels.

Table 14 Transient factors for diesel machinery

Emission Level Load NOx VOC CO TSP Fuel
<1981 High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
1981-1990 High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
1991-Stage I High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
Stage I High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
Stage II High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
Stage IIIA High 0.95 1.05 1.53 1.23 1.01
Stage IIIB High 1 1 1 1 1
Stage IV High 1 1 1 1 1
<1981 Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
1981-1990 Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
1991-Stage I Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
Stage I Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
Stage II Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
Stage IIIA Low 1.1 2.29 2.57 1.97 1.18
Stage IIIB Low 1 1 1 1 1
Stage IV Low 1 1 1 1 1

2.4 Evaporation factors

The evaporation of hydrocarbons during the fuelling procedure and from the fuel tank is estimated using evaporation factors. For fuelling and fuel tank evaporation, respectively, the emission factors are expressed as g NMVOC per kg fuel and g NMVOC per year. The emission factors are from IFEU (2004), and are listed in Annex 5 for all types of gasoline machinery.

 

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Version 1.0 June 2006, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency