[Front page] [Contents] [Previous] [Next]

Ecotoxocicological assessment of antifouling biocides and non-biocidal antifouling paints

7. References

 

Allen, H.E. (1993): The significance of trace metal speciation for water, sediment and soil quality criteria and standards. The Science of the Total Environment, Suppl. 1993.

Ankley, G.T. (1996): Evaluation of metal/acid-volatile sulfide relation-ships in the prediction of metal bioaccumulation by benthic macrovertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 2138-2146.

Ankley, G.T., N.A. Thomas, D.M. Di Toro, D.J. Hansen, J.D. Mahony, W.J. Berry, R.C. Schwartz and R.A. Hoke (1994): Assessing potential bioavailability of metals in sediments: A proposed approach. Environmental Management, 18, 331-337.

AQUIRE (1999): Aquatic toxicity information retrieval. US EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division. On-line available via Internet.
http:\\www.epa.gov\ecotoxy.

Arch Chemicals (1999a): Results of mysid test. Received from P. Turley.

Arch Chemicals (1999b): Analytical protocol. Received from J.C. Ritter.

Arrhenius, Å. (1997): Effects of 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, the active ingredient of the new antifouling agent Sea-nine TM211 Biocide, on marine microalgal communities. Master thesis. University of Göteborg, Göteborg, 20 pp.

Bach, H., D. Rasmussen, J.A. Farr and N. Nyholm (1986): Calculations of chemical fate of substances discharged into the Stenungsund recipient [Beregninger af chemical fate for stoffer udledt til Stenungsund recipienten]. VKI, Report to Statens Vandvårsverk (Sweden) (in Danish).

Bard, J. (1997): Supplement 1 to the ecotoxicological evaluation of copper in antifouling paints, copper, cuprous oxide, cuprous thiocyanate. Report to KemI, Sweden, 40 pp.

Bjørnestad, E., T. Madsen, C. Helweg, H.B. Rasmussen, C. Seierø, H. Enevoldsen and F. Pedersen (1999): Ecotoxicological tests of leachates of antifouling paints. VKI report No. 11324/100 prepared for Hempel's Marine Paints A/S.

Boeri, R.L. and T.J. Ward (1990): Acute flow-through toxicity of RH-287 to the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia. Rohm and Haas report No. 89RC-0305. EnviroSystems Division, Resource Analysts, Incorporated, Hampton, New Hampshire 03842.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1993): Acute toxicity of zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1H)-pyridinethionate) to the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3(b). T.R. Wilbury Study Number 23-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1994a): Acute toxicity of zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1h)-pyridinethionate) to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-1. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 19-OL, pp. 1-29. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1994b): Acute toxicity of zinc omadine to the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-1. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 20-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1994c): Acute toxicity of zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1H)-pyridinethionate) to the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3(b). T.R. Wilbury Study Number 22-OL, pp. 1-30. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1994d): Acute toxicity of zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1H)-pyridinethionate) to the daphnid, Daphnia magna. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-2. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 21-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1994e): Acute flow-through mollusc shell deposition test with zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1H)-pyridinethionate). Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3(c). T.R. Wilbury Study Number 24-OL, pp. 1-27. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., P.L. Kowalski and T.J. Ward (1994f): Acute toxicity of omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) to the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 36-OL, pp. 1-27. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., P.L. Kowalski and T.J. Ward (1994g): Growth and reproduction test with omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. Study report. Guidelines referenced FIFRA 122-2. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 39-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., P.L. Kowalski and T.J. Ward (1994h): Acute toxicity of omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) to the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3 (b). T.R. Wilbury Study Number 37-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., P.L. Kowalski and T.J. Ward (1994i): Acute flow-through mollusc shell deposition test (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) with omadine sulfonic acid. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-3. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 38-OL, pp. 1-27. Arch Chemicals.

Boeri, R.L., J.P. Magazu and T.J. Ward (1999): Early life-stage toxicity of zinc pyrithione and pyridine-2-sulfonic acid (persistent terminal degradant) to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Study report. OECD 210 guideline. T.R. Wilbury. Study number 1678-OL, pp. 69. Arch Chemicals.

Borgman, U. and W.P. Norwood (1997): Toxicity and accumulation of zinc and copper in Hyalella azteca exposed to metal spiked sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54, 1046-1054.

Brand, L.E., W.G. Sunda and R.R.L. Guillard (1986): Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction by copper and cadmium. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 96, 225-250.

Bruland, K.W., J.R. Donat and D.A. Hutchins (1991): Interactive influences of bioactive trace metals on biological production in oceanic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1555-1577.

Burgess, D. (1990): Acute flow-through toxicity of RH-287 technical to Dapnia magna. Rohm and Haas report No. 89RC-0017. ABC Laboratory, Inc., Columbia, Missouri 65205.

Burns, L.A., D.M. Cline and R.R. Lassiter (1981): Exposure analysis modelling system (EXAMS): User manual and system documentation. EPA – Environmental Resarch Laboratory, Athens.

Calkins, J., (1975): Measurements of the penetration of solar UV-B into various natural waters". In: climatic impact assessment program, 1975. Monograph 5, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington D.C.

Callow, M.E. and J.A. Finlay (1995): A simple method to evaluate the potential for degradation of antifouling biocides. Biofouling, 9, 153-165.

Callow, M.E. and G.L. Willingham (1996): Degradation of antifouling biocides. Biofouling, 10, 239-249.

Calmano, W., W. Ahlf and U. Förstner (1990): Exchange of heavy metals between sediment components and water. NATO ASI Series, Vol. G.23. Metal speciation in the environment. Broekaert, J.A.C., Gücer, S., Adams; F. (eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Campbell, P.G.C (1995): Interactions between trace metals and aquatic organisms: A critique of free-ion activity model. A. Tessier and D.R. Turner (eds). Metal speciation and bioavailability in aquatic systems.. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Ciceri, G., S. Maran, W. Martinotti and G. Queirazza (1992): Geochemical cycling of heavy metals in a marine coastal area: Benthic flux determination from pore water profiles and in situ measurements using benthic chambers. Hydrobiol., 235/236, 501-517.

Claisse, D. and C.I. Alzieu (1993): Copper contamination as a result of antifouling paint regulations? Mar. Poll. Bulletin, 26, 395-397.

Counties of Roskilde and Frederiksborg (1997): Monitoring of the Roskilde Inlet in 1996 [Overvågning af Roskilde Fjord, 1996] (in Danish).

County of Funen (1999): Unpublished data (Søren Larsen).

Danish Meteorological Office (1999): Weather information data from the Danish Meteorological Office.

Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy (1996): Statutory Order No. 921 of 8 October 1996 on waters and requirements on discharge of specific hazardous substances into watercourses, lakes or the sea [Bekendtgørelse nr. 921 af 8. oktober 1996 om kvalitetskrav for vandområder og krav til udledning af visse farlige stoffer til vandløb, søer eller havet] (in Danish).

Danish Statistical Office (1996): Statistical year-book.

Danish Sailing Association and Hempel (1999): Preliminary assessment of mechanical cleaning as an alternative to biocide-containing marine bottom paint and assessment of biocide-containing antifoulants with presumed reduced environmental impact [Indledende vurdering af mekanisk rensning som alternativ til biocidholdig bundmaling samt vurdering af biocidholdige antibegroningsmidler med forventet reduceret miljøbelastning]. Final draft report for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, June 1999 (in Danish).

Debourg, C., A. Johnson, C. Lye, L. Törnqvist and C. Unger (1993): Antifouling products. Pleasure boats, commercial vessels, nets, fish cages and other underwater equipment. KEMI Report No. 2/93. The Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. Solna.

Derbyshire, R.L., A.H. Jacobson, M.L. O’Dowd and M.A. Santangelo (1991): Metabolism of RH-5287 in bluegill sunfish. Rohm and Haas Company Technical Report No. 34-90-71, Rohm and Haas Company, Spring House, PA.

DHI (1994): The cove and broad of Roskilde: A wastewater study [Roskilde vig og bredning: Spildevandsundersøgelse]. August 1994 (in Danish).

EC (1996): Technical Guidance Document in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and commission regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances. Part II Environmental risk assessment. Brussels.

European Chemicals Bureau (1997): EUSES – The European Union system for the evaluation of substances. Joint Research Centre European Commission Environment Institute, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra.

Fenn, R. (1999): Photolysis of zinc pyrithione in natural sunligth. Study conducted by Arch Chemicals Inc., 1999.

Forbes, T.L., V.E. Forbes, A. Giessing, R. Hansen and L.K. Kure (1998): Relative role of porewater versus ingested sediment in bioavailability of organic contaminants in marine sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2453-2462.

Forbis, A.D. (1990): Acute toxicity of RH-287 to Selenastrum capricornutum Printz. Final report #37740. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, 40 CFR, Part 158.150, Guideline 122-2. ABC Laboratories, Columbia, Missouri 65205. Rohm and Haas.

Forbis, A.D., L. Georgie and B. Bunch (1985): Uptake, depuration and bioconcentration of 14C-RH-5287 by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Rohm and Haas Company Technical Report No. 310-86-33, ABC Labs, Inc., Columbia, MO.

Förstner, U. (1985): Chemical forms and reactivities of metals in sediments. Leschber, R., R.D. Davis and P. L’Hermite (eds). Chemical methods for assessing bio-available metals in sludges and soils. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 1-30.

Förstner, U., W. Ahlf, W. Calmano, M. Karsten and J. Schoer (1990): Assessment of metal mobility in sludges and solid wastes. NATO ASI Series, Vol. G.23. Metal speciation in the environment. Broekaert, J.A.C., S. Gücer and F. Adams (eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Fredenslund, F., M. Severinsen and M. Bugge Andersen (1995): Evaluation of the SimpleBox model for Danish conditions. Environmental Project No. 307, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.

Garvey, J.E., H.A. Owen and R.W. Winner (1991): Toxicity of copper to the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae), as affected by humic substances of terrestrial and freshwater origin. Aquatic Toxicology, 19, 89-96.

Gustavson, K., S. Petersen, B. Pedersen, F. Stuer-Lauridsen and S.Å. Wängberg (1999): Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) in coastal phytoplankton communities exposure to copper. Hydrobiologia (in press).

Hall, L.W. and R.D. Anderson (1998): A deterministic ecological risk assessment for copper in European saltwater environments. Rohm and Haas Company. Biocides Technical Report No. 98-23.

Harremoës, P. and A. Malmgren-Hansen (1989): Textbook of water pollution [Lærebog i vandforurening]. Polyteknisk Forlag (in Danish).

Heitmuller, T. (1977): Acute toxicity of C-9211 to brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). Toxicity test report. EGandG, Bionomics, Marine Research Laboratory, Route 6, Box 1002, Pensacola, Florida 32507.

Hempel (1999a): Telefax dated 21 April 1999 from Martin Wiese Christoffersen (Hempel).

Hempel (1999b): Telefax dated 16 September 1999 from Eva Bie Kjær (Hempel).

Hempel (1999c): Telefax dated 30 September 1999 from Eva Bie Kjær (Hempel).

Howard, P.H. (1991): Handbook of environmental fate and exposure data for organic chemicals. Vol. III, Pesticides, Lewis Publ. 684 pp.

Hunt, C.D. and D.L. Smith (1983): Remobilization of metals from polluted marine sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40, 132-142.

ISO (1998): Water quality - determination of acute lethal toxicity to marine copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea). ISO/FDIS 14669.

ISO (1999): Draft standard for calculation method (ISO 15184-4). Forwarded to members of ISO/TC35/SC9/WG27, general test methods for paints and varnishes - determination of leaching rates from antifouling paints. Date 24 June 1999.

Jacobson, A. (1993). RH-5287: Octanol:water partition coefficient. Rohm and Hass Company, Research Laboratories, Pennsylvania.

Jacobson, A. and V. Kramer (1999): Additonal information on water-sediment partitioning and half-life of DCOI in a harbor. Note prepared for VKI. Rohm and Haas Company, Research Laboratories, Pennsylvania.

Jensen, C.A. and J.A. Heslop (1997a): Study of environmental problems in the use of bottom paints on pleasure craft [Undersøgelse af miljøproblemer ved brug af bundmalinger på lystbåde]. The County of Århus (in Danish).

Jensen, C.A. and J.A. Heslop (1997b): New analytical results published in relation to the above report (in Danish).

Johansen, K. and F. Møhlenberg (1987): Impairment of egg production in Acartia tonsa exposed to tributyltin oxide. Ophelia 27, 1327-1341.

Karman, C.C., E.A. Vik, H.P.M. Schobben, G.D. Øfjord and H.P. van Dokkum (1996): Charm III Main Report. TNO-MEP R96/355. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation (TNO-MEP), Department of Ecological Risk Studies, Den Helder (Netherlands).

Kawashima, Y. (1997a): Acute toxicity test of RH-287 with Japanese flounder. Test report. Kurume Research Laboratories, Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute, Japan.

Kawashima, Y. (1997b): Acute toxicity test of RH-287 with Red Sea bream. Test report. Kurume Research Laboratories, Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute, Japan.

Kesterson, A. and R. Atkins (1992a): Supplemental study on the aerobic aquatic metabolism of 13/14C RH-5287. PTRL East, Inc., Kentucky. Submitting laboratory: Rohm and Haas Company, Pennsylvania.

Kesterson, A. and R. Atkins (1992b): Supplemental study on the anaerobic aquatic metabolism of 13/14C RH-5287. PTRL East, Inc., Kentucky. Submitting laboratory: Rohm and Haas Company, Pennsylvania.

Kronprins Frederiks Bro (1996): Statistics of bridge openings and passing-through of craft in 1995 (in Danish).

Kronprins Frederiks Bro (1998): Statistics of bridge openings and passing-through of craft in 1997 (in Danish).

Kronprins Frederiks Bro (1999): Statistics of bridge openings and passing-through of craft in 1998 (in Danish).

Lawrence, L.J., B. Lawrence, S. Jackson and A. Kesterson (1991a): Aerobic aquatic metabolism of 13/14C RH-5287. PTRL East, Inc., Kentucky. Submitting laboratory: Rohm and Haas Company, Pennsylvania.

Lawrence, L.J., B. Lawrence and A. Kesterson (1991b): Anaerobic aquatic metabolism of 13/14C RH-5287. PTRL East, Inc., Kentucky. Submitting laboratory: Rohm and Haas Company, Pennsylvania.

Leak, T. (1986): Characterization of RH-5287 in fish tissues and water from a bioconcentration study. Technical report No. 310-86-32. Rohm and Haas Company, Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105.

Lewis, A.G. (1995): Copper in water and aquatic environments. Int. Copper Association, Ltd. New York.

Luoma, S.N. (1989): Can we determine the biological availability of sediment-bound trace elements? Hydrobiol. 176/177, 379-396

Madsen, T. and P. Kristensen (1997): Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 631-637.

Madsen, T., K. Gustavson, L. Samsøe-Petersen, F. Simonsen, J. Jacobsen, S. Foverskov and M.M. Larsen (1998): Survey and assessment of antifouling products for pleasure craft in Denmark [Kortlægning og vurdering af antibegroningsmidler til lystbåde i Danmark]. Environmental Project No. 384. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, 108 pp (in Danish).

Mazza, L.S. (1993): Supplemental study on the aerobic aquatic metabolism of RH-5287. Rohm and Haas Company, Research Laboratories, Pennsylvania.

NERI (1986): A novel life-cycle test with copepods. M. Chen and F. Møhlenberg. The National Environmental Research Institute.

OECD (1984): Alga, growth inhibition test. Guideline for testing of chemicals, No. 201.

OECD (1989): Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Guideline for testing of chemicals, No. 117.

Olin (1997): Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Zinc omadine industrial fungicide. Technical summary submitted by Olin. Arch Chemicals.

Paulson, A.J., H.C. Curl and J.F. Gendron (1994): Partitioning of Cu in estuarine waters, II. Control of partitioning by the biota. Marine Chemistry, 45, 81-93.

Petersen, W., E. Willer and C. Willamowski (1997): Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 99: 515-522.

Peterson, G.S., G.T. Ankley and E.N. Leonard (1996): Effect of bioturbation on metal-sulfide oxidation in surficial freshwater sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 2147-2155.

Putt, A.E. (1994): RH-287 Technical - acute toxicity to amphipods (Ampelisca abdita) during a 10-day sediment exposure under static conditions. Rohm and Haas Report No. # 94RC-0092. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571-1075.

Reichelt, A.J. and G.B. Jones (1994): Trace metals as tracers of dredging activity in Cleveland Bay - field and laboratory studies.

Reynolds, J.L. (1995a): Aqueous photolysis of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine in pH 9 buffer and artificial sea water. XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc., Plainsboro, NJ. Arch Chemicals.

Reynolds, J.L. (1995b): Hydrolysis of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine. XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc., Plainsboro, NJ. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1996): Aerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine. Central Analytical Laboratory, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1999a): Summary of the aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]copper omadine and [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine in marine water and sediment. Olin Research Centre, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1999b): Aerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]copper omadine® in marine water and sediment. Olin Research Centre, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1999c): Anaerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]copper omadine® in marine water and sediment. Olin Research Centre, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1999d): Supplemental aerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine® in marine water and sediment. Olin Research Centre, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Ritter, J.C. (1999e): Supplemental anaerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine® in marine water and sediment. Olin Research Centre, Cheshire, CT. Arch Chemicals.

Roberts Jr., M.H., P.F. de Lisle, M.A. Vogelbein and R.C. Hale (1990): Acute toxicity of RH-287 to the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica in static natural and synthetic estuarine waters. Rohm and Haas Report No. 89RC-0037.

Salomons, W., N.M. de Rooij, H. Kerdijk and J. Bril (1987): Sediments as a source for contaminants? Hydrobiol., 149, 13-30.

Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschwend and D.M. Imboden (1993): Environmental organic chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Shade, W.D., S.H. Hurt, A.H. Jacobson and K.H. Reinert (1993): Ecological risk assessment of a novel marine antifoulant. Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: 2nd Volume, ASTM STP 1216. J.W. Gorsuch, F.J. Dwyer, C.G. Ingersoll and T.W. La Point (eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993.

Slotton, D.G. and J.E. Reuter (1995): Heavy metals in intact and resuspended sediments of a California reservoir, with emphasis on potential bioavailability of copper and zinc. Mar. Freshwater Res., 46, 257-265.

Smalley, J.D. and J.L. Reynolds (1996): Anaerobic aquatic metabolism of [pyridine-2,6-14C]zinc omadine in fresh water and seawater. XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc., Plainsboro, NJ. Arch Chemicals.

Steen, R.J.C.A., J. Jacobsen, F. Ariese and A.G.M. van Hattum (1999): Monitoring Sea-NineÒ 211 antifouling agent in a Danish harbor. IvM, Vrije Universiteit, Report number E99/10.

Sword, M.C. and M. Muckerman (1994a): Static acute toxicity of N-(n-octyl) malonamic acid to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rohm and Haas Report No. #93RC-0166. ABC Laboratories, Columbia, Missouri 65202.

Sword, M.C. and M. Muckerman (1994b): Static acute toxicity of N-(n-octyl) malonamic acid to Daphnia magna. Rohm and Haas Report No. #93RC-0165. ABC Laboratories, Columbia, Missouri 65202.

Syracuse Research Corporation (1996): LOGKOW software program. Syracuse Research Corporation, New York.

Sørensen, J., B.B. Jørgensen and N.P. Revsbech (1979). A comparison of oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate respiration in coastal marine sediments. Microbial Ecology, 5, 105-115.

Turley, P.A. and N.P. Skoulis (1997): A review of the aquatic fate and toxic effects of zinc omadine. Arch Chemicals.

U.S. EPA (1999): GCSOLAR. Program from U.S. EPA.

Veith, G.D. and P. Kosian (1983): Estimating bioconcentration potential from octanol/water partition coefficients. D. Mackay, S. Paterson, S.J. Eisenreich and M.S. Simons (eds.), Physical behavior of PCBs in the Great Lakes. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Wang, W. and N.S. Fisher (1996): Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilius edulis: Effects of food composition. Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 197-207.

Wängberg S.-Å., S. Alexanderson and M. Hellgren (1995): The contribution from bottom paints to the occurrence of copper in the aquatic environment. Follow-up on KemI’s decision on bottom paints by uses of PICT examination of microalgal communities [Båtbottonfärgernas bidrag til kobberförekomsten i den akvatiske miljö. Upföljning av KemI´s beslut om båtbottonfärger, med hjælp av PICT-undersökning på microalgesamhällen]. KemI report (in Swedish).

Ward, T.J. and R.L. Boeri (1990): Chronic toxicity of RH-287 to the daphnid, Daphnia magna. Study report. EnviroSystems Study No. 9031-RH. Rohm and Haas Report No. 9ORC-0050. EnviroSystems Division, Resource Analysts, Incorporated, Hampton, New Hampshire 03842.

Ward, T.J., J.P. Magazu and R.L. Boeri (1994a): Growth and reproduction test with zinc omadine (zinc bis-1-oxide-2(1H)-pyridinethionate) and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. Study report. Guidelines referenced FIFRA 122-2. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 25-OL. Page 1-29. Arch Chemicals.

Ward, T.J., P.L. Kowalski and R.L. Boeri (1994b): Acute toxicity of omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-1. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 33-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Ward, T.J., P.L. Kowaski and R.L. Boeri (1994c): Acute toxicity of omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) to the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-1. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 34-OL, pp. 1-28. Arch Chemicals.

Ward, T.J., P.L. Kowaski and R.L. Boeri (1994d): Acute toxicity of omadine sulfonic acid (pyridine-N-oxide-2-sulfonic acid) to the daphnid, Daphnia magna. Study report. U.S. EPA-FIFRA, Guideline 72-2. T.R. Wilbury Study Number 35-OL, pp. 1-26. Arch Chemicals.

Wells, M.L., P.B. Kozelka and K.W. Bruland (1998): The complexation of "dissolved" Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by soluble and colloidal organic matter in Nraragansett Bay, RI. Mar. Chem., 62, 203-217.

Westerlund, S.F.G., L.G. Anderson, P.O.J. Hall, Å. Iverfeldt, M.M. Rutgers van der Loeff and B. Sundby (1986): Benthic fluxes of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead in the coastal environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1289-1296.

Zafirioiu, O.C. (1977): Marine organic photochemistry previewed. Marine Chemistry 5, 497-522.

Zehnder, A.J.B., B. Huser and T.D. Brock (1979). Measuring radioactive methane with the liquid scintillation counter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 37, 897-899.

Zepp, R.G. and D.M. Cline (1977): Rates of direct photolysis in aquatic environment. Env. Sci.Techn., 11, 359-366.

[Front page] [Contents] [Previous] [Next] [Top]