A process whereby the Malaysian priorities for external cooperation within environment were matched with Danced policies has guided the selection of priority areas. Important considerations included the need to link to and further consolidate the present programme of cooperation. Priorities have tended to be set in those areas where significant potential to address key environmental management problems are combined with a close connection to implementing global environmental conventions. The presence of ongoing plans, programmes and resource allocation together with a demonstrable need for external assistance was also an important factor in programme design.

As a result of these considerations the focal areas for the programme within the main environmental themes were chosen as follows.

The solid waste management sector was selected as a focus area within the urban environment, since it is recognised in the 8^th Malaysia Plan as a major and growing problem. It is also one where the Danish experience on implementing preventative and demand-based solutions would be invaluable and have far reaching effects. Within the industry sub-sector, the ongoing programme of promoting cleaner production was selected as a continuing focus area since this supports the drive towards greater involvement of the private sector, is an area of limited Malaysian experience and is responsive to the growing environmental threat posed by rapid industrialisation.

The Malaysian authorities and the emerging private sector cooperation although an area of past cooperation was not chosen since what has been achieved so far can sustain toxic waste management. A small amount of follow up training will probably be needed and can be provided during the present cooperation programme. Domestic wastewater or sewage treatment is another major area within the urban environment that is not chosen principally because the technical solutions are well known to the Malaysian organisations and the main challenge is cost recovery where Danish assistance is not expected to generate solutions.

It was decided that the main focus of the active cooperation within energy should be continued into the third Country Programme. Thus, development of biomass as a renewable energy source and improvement of energy efficiency will continue to be the focus areas. The third programme will put more emphasis on developing the potential for private sector involvement and will link the efforts closer to actions related to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Within natural resource management it was decided to focus the future cooperation on integrated water resource management, as this is a major problem for Malaysia and one which has a considerable political support for early solution. It is also an area of special Danish expertise. Biodiversity and forest resources are also areas of focus as they have a global relevance, represent continuity with past cooperation and are closely linked to many of the most important international conventions.

Marine and coastal resources were not chosen as a focus area partly because the previous assistance to coastal zone management now needs to be replicated by Malaysia rather than being duplicated through more Danced supported projects. One of the main outcomes of the previous cooperation on coastal zone management is that environmental planning needs to be well integrated into development planning – a concern that is now addressed as a new integrated and cross-sectoral topic. The fact that tropical marine ecosystems are not a special area of Danish expertise has also influenced the choice. Cooperation on agriculture was not chosen due to the lower priority allocated in Malaysia as well as the need to consolidate existing areas rather than open up too many new areas of cooperation.

In addition to the focus areas, a number of very important integrated and cross- sectorial initiatives were selected for special attention. These include support for:

	Environmental knowledge building and information management.
	The application of economic instruments and the financing of environment investments.
	Awareness and environmental education.
	Implementation of environmental conventions.
	The integration of environment into development and land use planning.

Cooperation on a regional basis is an important element of the programme and this is described in the Danish strategy for regional environmental assistance in South East Asia which identifies a range of elements for regional collaboration including:

	Enhancing capacity to participate in environmental agreements and conventions.
	Promoting cooperation between two or more countries on shared resources ecosystems or problems.
	Strengthening capacity of regional institutions.
	Increased collaboration on research training and technology and skills transfer in the region.
	Building up regional environmental networks.
	Pilot projects for regional dissemination.

The third Country Programme will work closely with the regional programme of support to strengthen Malaysia’s involvement in regional activities.

The diagram below summarises the focus areas indicating the main partners within Malaysia and the link to global conventions where relevant.

Look here!

The beneficiaries of the third Country Programme comprise a large and varied group. A major beneficiary will be future generations of Malaysians who have the most to gain from an early boost to environmental awareness, conservation of natural resources and improved environmental management. To the extent that many of the problems being tackled directly or indirectly are regional and global in nature (climate change, conservation of biodiversity) the beneficiaries are not only limited to those living in Malaysia. Public sector officials working within environmental management are a very significant group of beneficiaries. The resources made available to carry out their mandate will be increased both directly and indirectly in the sense that the third Country Programme will help to increase environmental funding channels. The private sector in both Malaysia and Denmark will benefit in so far as they respond to the industrial environmental management initiatives. They will also benefit from providing services and from the longer-term aim of boosting environmental business both nationally and regionally. Improved industrial environmental management increases long-term commercial sustainability.

The improved environmental regulation and administration envisaged by this programme will assist the poorer and more marginalized groups because they are often those that suffer most from pollution and dwindling natural resources.

The third Country Programme will assist the local levels to a greater degree than in the previous cooperation. There will thus be a large number of local beneficiaries from the individual projects.

The university programme will benefit individuals studying for higher degrees and ultimately the country as a whole as these skills are applied for the common good. The NGO programme will benefit a number of individual environmental NGOs and it will stabilise the platform for future NGO activities and contribute to developing a constructive engagement in environmental protection as well as community involvement and mobilisation.

4.1 Solid Waste Management

Main Issues

Malaysia is facing considerable environmental problems from growing waste generation and disposal. By the year 2000 the quantity of solid waste generated was estimated to exceed 6 million tons annually. Statistics on solid waste generation in local authorities indicated a projected doubling in the quality of waste generated from 1990 to 2010. A majority of the present sanitary landfills will be exhausted in 2 years time. Disposal practices are far from adequate and indiscriminate dumping is on the increase. The environmental impacts are severe and well documented. There are considerable technical, social, financial and institutional constraints to ensuring a greater degree of control over waste generation and disposal. The privatisation programme has gone ahead very rapidly and there is a need now to consolidate and learn from experience.

Lead Partners

The lead Malaysian partner is the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and the Department of Local Government under the Ministry together with local authorities and the Department of Environment.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The 8^th Malaysia Plan stress the importance of an improved management of solid waste. The Malaysian objective is to eliminate indiscriminate dumping, introduce privatised collection and provide a fully integrated waste management system in the local authorities. As part of these wide-ranging objectives there are plans for an increased focus on reducing waste generation and on adopting preventative options for waste management. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government is about to launch a master plan for solid waste management which will identify a series of actions to be undertaken at various levels including options for improving the results of recent privatisation. A solid waste management bill has been recently finalised and is awaiting resolution of the financing issues before being presented to Parliament.

Awareness raising combined with the application of economic instruments and cost recovery are major policy thrusts that identified in the 8^th Malaysia Plan. Ultimately the aim of policies is that resources for waste management come from the waste generators. There are considerable financial resources set aside in national, state and local budgets for solid waste management including significant allocations for proposed incineration projects. Improved waste minimisation and adoption of preventative approaches are expected to significantly increase the efficiency of such investments.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

The scale of the solid waste problem is increasing and is new for Malaysia although not for developed countries such as Denmark. Denmark through a combination of awareness raising, application of economic instruments, adoption of preventative approaches and improved management and use of technology has considerable experience of waste management. External assistance is needed to help develop a correct set of strategies and options for dealing with the challenges. External assistance is especially needed for improving demand side management and waste minimisation, including reuse, recycling and material reduction. Many of the approaches, developed in Denmark, are seen by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, as relevant for adaptation in Malaysia.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The objective of cooperation within solid waste management is a subset of the wider Malaysian objectives and is formulated as follows: "Improved solid waste management arising from an increasingly successful adoption of demand side approaches such as waste minimisation, recycling, cost recovery and awareness raising."

The expected environmental outcome from this component of the cooperation programme is that Malaysia will gain experience on how to better manage its solid waste, thus the physical environmental impact will be a reduction in future contamination of soil, ground and surface waters as well as reduced air pollution.

Potential indicators of success will be: the presence of working demonstrations of the preventative approaches; evidence of replication of these approaches elsewhere in Malaysia; increased knowledge and awareness amongst stakeholders of the preventative approaches; a greater degree of cost recovery in waste management; reduction of illegal dumping; increased activity of recycling plants and development of waste to energy plants; improved performance of privatised and outsourced functions; greater capacity in and cooperation amongst the public authorities for regulating and managing solid waste.

4.2 Industrial Environmental Management - Cleaner Production

Main Issues

The private sector and especially the small and medium scale enterprises are the engines of future growth and economic prosperity. However, the environmental impact of these industries needs to be brought under control so that economic growth and improvements in quality of life can be sustained. There are an estimated 20.000 small and medium scale manufacturers who could to a varying extent benefit from introduction of cleaner production practices.

The pollution problems of the small and medium industry sector are complex. There is a large diversity of processes, there is limited information on the industries and awareness within industry of cleaner production not widespread partly due to poor distribution of information. The incentives for engaging in cleaner production are not clear and the economic situation for many industries is still tight following the 1997-1999 regional economic crisis, thus restricting the introduction of new practices and technology. Most of the constraints and opportunities lie in shifting industrial management attitudes and practices.

Lead Partners

The lead partners in this area are the industries themselves supported by institutions such as SIRIM, SMIDEC, the Department of Environment and industry associations. Other partners are MITI and the Ministry of Domestic Trade.

Policies, Plans and Financing

Introduction of cleaner production, which focuses on preventative approaches and attempts to mobilise the economic self-interest of the factory owners and managers is a major strategy in the 8^th Malaysia Plan and the Third Outline Perspective Plan. In the long term, the Malaysian objective is to bring the small and medium industrial sector up to the standards of the developed world also in terms of environmental performance. The Department of Environment is actively engaged in making plans for encouraging cleaner production including the setting up of a cleaner production centre at its Environmental Skills and Training Institute. SIRIM Berhad will also intensify efforts during the 8^th Malaysia Plan to collect and disseminate information on cleaner technologies.

Financing of cleaner production should primarily come from industry itself. Many of the most significant improvements are potentially self-harvesting with payback periods of six months or less. Quick payback investments, such as improved housekeeping, will be the first areas for action. SMIs will be encouraged during the 8^th Plan period to take advantage of the funding facilities available at SMIDEC to undertake environmental related activities.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Attempts are being made in Malaysian to introduce cleaner production as part of improved industrial environmental management but they need to be accelerated and their impact strengthened. Exchange of experience and knowledge with Denmark, which has had cleaner production programmes for many years, will be invaluable. As well as appropriate technology and industrial processes, it will also be important to consider appropriate incentive measures to encourage adoption of cleaner production methods. Opportunities for cooperation between Danish and Malaysian industries further demonstrate the potential for cleaner production will be considered under the already established Private Sector Partnership Facility.

Within cleaner production, attention may be given to new techniques for treating domestic and industrial wastewater to remove additional substances as required by the proposed revisions of the Environmental Quality regulations. In addition, the handling of toxic chemicals and associated risk assessment and management will be considered – contributing to improving the working environment. It is also proposed to consider broadening the support to also include the business and production management-related aspects that are key drivers in adoption of cleaner production.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The objective of cooperation within cleaner production is "Reduced pollution from and enhanced productivity in industries through adoption of appropriate industrial environmental management including cleaner production strategies with support from Danish companies with a focus on the smaller and medium sector".

The expected environmental outcome of this component is that waste production and consumption of raw materials, water and energy from the targeted small and medium industries is reduced for a given level of production. In physical terms this will lead to reductions in the waste streams reaching the environment (land, water, air) as well as reducing the life cycle environmental impact of the products being manufactured. The working environment should also be improved where possible. The capacity within Malaysia to replicate cleaner production should be increased thus making these impacts perpetual and sustainable.

Potential indicators of success include: the number of demonstrations of new approaches and technology; the replication of these approaches at non-demonstration sites; an increased awareness of cleaner production and innovative industrial environmental management within relevant stakeholder groups; greater availability of information on cleaner production; increased capacity within the public sector and the business associations to promote the continued adoption of cleaner production.

4.3 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Main Issues

Energy use is increasing rapidly as the GDP grows. In Denmark and other countries the link between growth and energy consumption has effectively been uncoupled. Whilst this may be difficult to fully achieve for an industrialising nation there is much that can be done. The price of energy and the use of economic instruments is one of the important tools that have already been used as evidenced in the 2001 budget. A focus on demand side as well as supply side management is another important tool.

Use of energy from fossil fuels is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG) – thus increased energy efficiency and use of renewable energy will be an important part of a strategy to reduce growth in GHG emission thus mitigating climate change.

Lead Partners

The lead partners are the Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia and the Energy Commission together with private sector and consumers. Other important partners are MOSTE (focal point for the UNFCCC), Ministry of Education, and PTM.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The energy sector is guided by the National Energy Policy of 1979 and the Fuel Diversification Policy introduced in 1981. Since then an Energy Commission Bill (2000) to create a regulatory commission to serve the sector has been approved and amendments have been made to the Electricity Supply Act (1990) in line with an increasing role being given to the private sector. The 8^th Malaysia Plan places emphasis on the strategic role of improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy. The 2001 budget includes for the first time, incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy.

Renewable energy has been identified as a source of alternative fuel as early as the 6th Malaysia Plan (1991-1995). Recent initiatives, including the Danced supported project on strategy for the development of renewable energy as the fifth fuel, have highlighted the abundant renewable energy resources in Malaysia in the form of biomass (palm oil wastes and wood residues) and the economic viability of producing energy from this biomass.

One of the objectives of the national energy policy is to promote efficient energy utilisation and to discourage non-productive and wasteful patterns of energy consumption. Two initiatives taken by the government are the development of the energy efficiency regulations and the code of practice for energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings. These are expected to be ready for implementation by mid 2001. In addition, MECM plans to initiate demonstration of energy efficiency practices and technologies in government buildings. The above initiatives will create a market for energy service companies in Malaysia. These companies will mobilise finance from the market and gain revenue from electricity sales.

Malaysia’s Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC (July 2000) on Climate Change identified a range of mitigation options to reduce CO₂ emissions including: energy efficiency in the transport and industrial sectors, use of biomass waste in power co-generation, sequestration through improved forest management and demand-side management.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

The key needs are external support and exposure to international experience in order to improve decision making and implementation of plans.

The participation of the private sector is relatively new and a crucial feature of the policies and this is an area where external assistance is expected to be valuable. Technology for improved energy efficiency and renewable energy is available but needs to be demonstrated in a way that will encourage local adoption.

Energy efficiency will require support for the implementation of a proposed code of practice for buildings as well as the proposed energy efficiency regulations. These codes and regulations are ambitious and well conceived tools that will have a significant impact on energy consumption.

Renewable energy from biomass has enormous potential and is an important untapped resource. Local assessment of the potential of biomass as a renewable energy source is very promising. It is an area where external assistance would help to accelerate progress to the point where working demonstrations can be made available for wider replication. There are synergies between this support and that proposed to be provided by UNDP to improve grid connectivity.

These policy and strategy changes come at a time when the sector is already over-stretched and in need of external support both to directly assist but also to guide activities. It is important that cooperation develops local capacity as well as meeting short term needs.

In addition to technology demonstration, planning support, capacity building and awareness, support will also be considered for studies on necessary fiscal policies and incentive measures to promote implementation especially by the private sector. There are also considerable opportunities in this area for cooperation between Malaysian and Danish firms under the Private Sector Partnership Facility.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The objective of cooperation within renewable energy is "Increased use of biomass as a form of renewable energy and an increased capacity with the public and private sector to make use of renewable energy".

The expected environmental outcome from this component of the cooperation is that a trend of relying more on renewable energy will be strengthened thus in physical terms it will lead to a reducing the pressure on dwindling sources of traditional energy. There is also an important contribution towards reducing the impact on climate change.

Potential indicators of success include: demonstration of the use of biomass as a renewable energy source; evidence of replication of the demonstration plants; ongoing collaboration between Danish and Malaysian companies within energy generation and management; an increased capacity and awareness amongst government agencies to promote and manage the use of renewable energy.

The objective of cooperation within energy efficiency is: "An increase in the efficiency of energy use and an increased capacity within the public and private sector to manage energy efficiently".

The expected environmental impact from this component of cooperation is that energy will be used more efficiently thus preserving future energy sources and reducing environmental impacts such as CO₂ emissions. The impact will be made through building up incentives and capabilities within the Malaysian public and private sector.

Potential indicators of success include: demonstration of energy efficiency management; evidence of replication of the demonstration projects; the emergence of a market for energy efficiency services; the provision of training and capacity building within the sector; collaboration between Danish and Malaysian companies within energy efficiency.

4.4 Integrated Water Resource Management

Main Issues

Integrated water resource management is considered as an priority area. It is a challenge related to both natural resource management as well as urban and industrial environmental management. The effective and integrated management of water resources is considered one of the top government priorities and a prerequisite for sustainable development. The two priority areas where Malaysia has launched a number of initiatives are: integrated river basin management and rehabilitation; and reducing the human demand for water supply through demand management strategies. In both areas one of the major issues has been the lack of effective coordination between sectors combined with a strong uni-sectoral approach to the development of water resources.

Lead Partners

The lead partners for integrated river basin management are the Ministry of Agriculture and within it the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, together with the Forest Department, Department of Environment and other state agencies. The lead partners for water demand management are the Water Supply Department in the Ministry of Public Works, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage together with state government water management agencies. A number of private sector agencies and NGOs are also active in the water resource management arena and can be important partners in the programme.

Policies, Plans and Financing

Integrated water resource management is identified as a priority in the Third Outline Perspective Plan and the 8th Malaysia Plan. Integrated river basin management and rehabilitation will be given priority in the National Water Resources Policy. According to the 8^th Malaysia Plan, the policy will also "emphasise the need to keep development to a level that is within the carrying capacity of river basins while protecting and restoring the environment" as well as the Integrated river basin management has been strongly prioritised in the National Water Resources Study (2000) as well as at the state level through legislation such as the Selangor Water Management Authority Enactment (1999) and the Sarawak Rivers Enactment (1997). Other states will be encouraged in the 8^th Plan period to establish water management bodies to ensure proper planning, monitoring, enforcement and management of water resources on a river-basin basis.

To reduce exploitation of new water resources, emphasis will be given in the 8^th Plan to demand side management instead of concentrating on water supply. This will "include measures to improve the efficiency of supply and use, recycling water and studying the feasibility of rainwater harvesting". Market instruments as well as awareness campaigns will be used. Measures to assess and ensure protection and sustainable use of groundwater will be supported.

Considerable resources have been allocated for river management and the promotion of integrated management approaches in the 8th Malaysia Plan. The allocations for flood control/irrigation and water supply have been increased by 15% and 30% to RM2.2 billion and RM4 billion respectively of which significant proportions will go to address river basin management and water demand management issues.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Integrated river basin management is a new concept for Malaysia that holds out much promise for integrating upstream and downstream interests as well as integrating across the strong sectoral interests that have prevented effective environmental management of Malaysian rivers. Demonstration of preventative as well as rehabilitation approaches are needed to inspire river management authorities, service providers, local authorities, environmental agencies, special interest groups and the communities at large to cooperate and ensure that the river and water resources are well managed.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The main objective for the cooperation related to river basin management is "establish and test frameworks for integrated river basin management and initiate river rehabilitation demonstration activities".

Environmental outcomes include the improvement management of river basins which will lead to improved water quality, improved fisheries, improved status of biodiversity due to cleaner rivers and better protection/rehabilitation of riverine ecosystems; and reduced hazard to people living in the neighbourhood of rivers.

Indicators of success include: The increase in number of integrated river basin plans approved or in preparation; the increased number of relevant stakeholders involved in the development of IRBM plans and policies; the increased number of plans for rehabilitation or clean-up of rivers prepared or approved; additional resources allocated for integrated river basin management and clean-up in the 9^th Malaysia plan; overall water quality index of Malaysian rivers stabilising or improving.

In relation to water demand management, the objective is to "Reduce the rate of increase in demand for water resources and encourage use of recycling, rainwater harvesting and better groundwater management." Environmental outcomes would include more effective use of existing water resources and therefore less use of water with a greater preservation of the amount of water available for ecosystems; and keeping developments in line with the carrying capacity of river basins.

Indicators would include reduced growth curve of water demand; prevalence of rainwater harvesting or sustainable groundwater use; lower average water use by domestic and industrial users; reduction in inter-basin water transfer projects.

4.5 Multiple-use Management of Forest Resources

Main Issues

Forests cover 60% of the land area of Malaysia and are one of the most important natural resources. Most of these resources are under the responsibility of the state forest departments whose primary focus in the past has been on managing them for production of timber. It is now recognised that other values of the forests may be as or more important in both social and economic terms. These include the role of forests in protection of slopes against erosion, protection and storage of freshwater resources, flood control, control of micro-climate, carbon storage and climate change mitigation, conservation of biodiversity and provision of opportunities for recreation and tourism.

In order to secure and benefit from the broad range of forest resources there needs to be a change from the uni-sectoral management to multiple use management of forests. However the institutional and revenue generating mechanisms currently in place are not well suited to this future role. At the same time there is increasing pressure from other land-use sectors such as agriculture, industry and housing to clear additional forest areas and convert them to other uses.

Lead Partners

The lead partner for the management of forest resources is the Ministry of Primary Industry and within it the Forest Department of Peninsular Malaysia together with the Forest Department of Sabah and the Forest Department of Sarawak. The forests lie under state jurisdiction and the state planning units can play an important role in promoting multiple-use management of forestland. Other partners in multiple use management include the nature conservation, water resource, plantation and tourism sectors as well as local communities, NGOs and the private sector.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The importance of multiple-use management of forests has been recognised in the framework of sustainable forest management adopted by the Malaysian government – such as in the 1992 National Forest Policy, and further emphasised in 3rd National Agriculture Policy (1998) and the National Policy on Biological Diversity (1997).

Additional work is needed to put this principle into practice. Some progress has been made in the period 1995-2000 according to the review of the 7^th Malaysia Plan, but further work is needed in the 8^th Plan period – in particular "sustainable logging practices will be expanded, multiple use management of forests encouraged and timber certification expanded".

The forestry sector is a significant generator of state and federal revenue and forest management is funded by federal and state allocations as well as specific funds supported by timber royalties and export levies. However most of the resource allocation has focused on developing systems for improved harvesting, marketing and rehabilitation of forest resources rather than into harnessing multiple-use values. There is thus a need to develop new revenue generation mechanisms such as from water catchment functions or ecotourism values, so as to balance the development focus. The 8^th Malaysia plan allocation of resources for the forestry sector has been increased by more than 50% to RM225 million. In addition allocation under other budgets may support multiple use management of forests such as the issue of catchment management under the allocation for water resources or the allocation for environmental protection under the budget for tourism.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

The implementation of the multiple use management is constrained at institutional and individual levels. Envisaged needs for external assistance include: sharing of experience and training in multiple use forestry approach; development of strategies and guidelines; demonstration projects and models; mechanisms for strengthening involvement of local communities, consumers and the private sector, development and testing of new revenue sources from forests; and introduction of incentives and cost recovery mechanisms. A specific approach will be to support for the implementation of the Malaysian Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management in particular those relating to conservation of biological diversity and water resources.

In terms of international commitments support will be given to implement aspects of the Intergovernmental panel on Forests (IPF) Proposals for Action as well as issues emerging from ongoing discussions under the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF).

There is considerable Danish, international and regional experience in this area which could be shared with Malaysia through Danced support. A focus on multiple use management builds on the modality of previous Danced interventions in Malaysia, which have looked at multiple-use management in mangroves, peat swamp and lowland forests as well as the experience of multiple use management of protected areas. This focus also will enable strategic linkage with the other natural resource components of the third Country Programme – integrated river basin management and conservation of biological diversity.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The overall objective is to "promote widespread acceptance of multiple-use forest management concepts through capacity building and demonstration activities

The objective will be achieved by:

	Increased implementation of multiple-use management of forests including use of relevant criteria and Indicators for SFM.
	Increased area of forest protected for catchment protection, biodiversity conservation, ecotourism, recreation and other non-timber functions.
	Improved protection of the forests by local communities
	Active promotion at national and international levels of experiences and lessons learned.

The environmental outcomes in terms of physical impacts will be a reduction in the loss or degradation of natural forest areas; an increase in biodiversity arising from improved forest management; and an improved protection of the catchment including its water and soil resources. There will also be a positive climate change impact.

The main indicators will be: the increased area of forests managed for multiple use functions; higher level of training and resource allocation for multiple use management of forests at the state level; more involvement of local communities and other stakeholders in the management of forests; increase in level of government revenue from non-timber forest utilisation; and increased area of forests certified as sustainable managed.

4.6 Conservation of Biological Diversity

Main Issues

Malaysia is one of the world's 12 mega-biodiversity countries with exceptionally high diversity of biological resources. Many of the species have important socio-economic, cultural or ecological values but the pressure on species and habitats from over exploitation, pollution or conversion is already significant and increasing. For this reason improved protection and sustainable utilisation of ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity is of utmost importance.

Key issues identified by the Malaysian government for action include the implementation of the National Policy on Biological Diversity and the associated Biodiversity Action Plan together with related conventions and agreements as well as the improved protection and sustainable use of biodiversity in key ecosystems.

Lead Partners

The lead partners in the area of biodiversity are the Ministry of Science Technology and the Environment (CBD focal point) and within it the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, together with the Fisheries Department under MOA and the Federal and State Forest Department under MPI. Terrestrial, freshwater and coastal biodiversity occur in habitats primarily under the control of the state governments while marine biodiversity falls primarily under the federal jurisdiction. A number of NGOs have been active in biodiversity conservation.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The National Biodiversity Policy, but are also influenced by the National Agriculture Policy and the National Forest Policy primarily guides activities related to biodiversity. The mid-term review of the 7th Malaysia Plan identifies some specific priorities for improving the status of poorly protected ecosystems such as mangroves and peat swamp forests.

The 8^th Malaysia Plan indicates that during the period 2001-2005 "the government will implement the biodiversity action plan in the various states; regulations will be introduced to control access to biological resources and to address biosafety issues relating to genetically modified organisms. Management plans will be formulated for all protected areas to ensure their integrity and promote them as conservation, research and ecotourism areas. Critical habitats that need protection will be identified and the national biodiversity database will be further developed"

All of the above actions will need input and assistance which could be provided through the third Country programme.

At present there is not a specific allocation of resources for implementing the NPBD but respective agencies have allocations for conservation of biodiversity within their specific mandates, although current resource allocations appear inadequate.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Implementation of the NPBD will advance and consolidate previous conservation measures. International support is needed for the implementation of the NPBD including capacity building especially at the state level, education and awareness activities, demonstration projects and development of incentives.

Another major area of importance is the implementation of Biodiversity-related conventions and agreements to which Malaysia is a party such as the CBD, Ramsar Convention and CITES and those of which it may become a party during the third Country Programme period such as the Biosafety Protocol or the Convention on Migratory Species. Needs for international assistance include: support to strengthen institutions and set up the necessary implementation arrangements, exchange of information and implementation tools.

Associated with the NPBD is the need to support improved protection and sustainable use of biological diversity, by strengthening the national system of protected areas, improving protection of biodiversity outside protected areas and developing management and incentive measures for the protection and utilisation of biodiversity by local communities. Some of the priority ecosystems for consideration are those where the current protection status is poor such as mangroves, swamp forests, riverine ecosystems as well as threatened systems such as seagrass beds or corals. Priority needs for international assistance include: development of a detailed action plan for protected areas and biodiversity conservation capacity building especially at state and local level; education and awareness raising especially through NGO and CBO involvement; strengthening of the protected area system, and action to involve local communities in the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.

Objectives, Environmental Outcomes and Indicators

The overall objective is for "the National Policy on Biological Diversity and associated conventions and agreements being more actively implemented at national and state level and biological diversity in key ecosystems being better protected and more sustainable used".

The objective will be achieved through:

	The effective implementation of the National Policy on Biological Diversity and biodiversity-related conventions.
	Strengthened capacity at national and state level to implement the NPBD and related legislation.

Physical environment outcomes include improved protection of key ecosystems and species within protected areas and improved protection and more sustainable use of biodiversity outside the protected area system through involvement of local communities.

The key indicators are proposed as:

Advanced level of completion, approval, funding and initiation of implementation plans for the NPBD and related biodiversity conventions; the national protected area network strengthened and expanded especially in poorly represented ecosystems; higher number of trained staff and resource allocations at national and state level for biodiversity conservation; more active involvement of local communities in protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.

4.7 Integrated and Cross Sectorial Initiatives

Integrated and cross-sectorial areas are areas of cooperation, which do not necessarily contribute to a single environment theme or ecosystem. In some cases they are part of projects that are undertaken within the focus areas but in other cases stand alone, projects specifically targeted at the integrated and cross sectorial areas will be initiated. Five integrated and cross-sectorial areas have been identified as priorities for action under the programme as follows:

	Integration of Environment in Development and Land Use Planning.
	Environmental Education and Awareness.
	International Environmental Conventions and Agreements.
	Economic Incentives.
	Environmental Knowledge Building and Information Management.

Activities in some of these areas such as education and awareness will be in the form of free standing projects while in others such as economic incentives may be integrated into projects in the different focal areas.

4.7.1 Integration of Environment in Development and Land Use Planning

Main Issues

Rapid economic growth, land development and urbanisation have caused a variety of environmental problems in Malaysia that are well known from other developing and developed countries. Some of these problems are inevitable but others can be minimised through effective preventive measures. Physical planning and land development control are essential tools in the prevention of many environmental problems and the development of sustainable management of natural resources and as well as management of the urban environment.

There are many constraints such as: relatively recent integration of environmental issues in physical planning, insufficient know-how and ability with the planning authorities in this field, a lack of environmental guidelines to support the implementation of structure plans and local plans, incomplete environmental analysis in the land development applications, insufficient coordination amongst the authorities and EIA conditions that are often not effectively monitored or incorporated in the planning permits.

Strengthening the integration of environmental considerations in development planning is likely to have a considerable impact over time as development is controlled and directed in ways that are environmentally neutral or at least minimise negative impacts.

Lead Partners

The lead partner in this area is the Town and Country Planning Department supported by the Department of Environment, the State Planning Units (UPENs) and local authorities.

Policies, Plans and Financing

Malaysia has a system of land use planning based around city plans, district structure plans and local plans, development planning through EPU and UPEN plans and control of environmental impacts of development through EIAs. These systems are in place and working but the quality and consistency of application is variable. The Department of Environment and the Town and Country Planning Department have an ongoing plan to constantly improve the application and design of current planning instruments. Initiatives are currently being taken by the Town and Country Planning Department such as the introduction of strategic environmental assessments for major development projects

The programme to improve the integration of environment and development planning is featured prominently in the 8^th Malaysia Plan, which indicates that "the government will intensify ongoing efforts as well as introduce new approaches to strengthen land use planning. This will include the identification of and integrated planning for environmentally sensitive areas. New physical planning guidelines will be developed including for urban regeneration, optimal land development and development in catchments".

The financing of the planning systems is a core part of the budgets for the Town and Country Planning Departments and also the UPEN and the local authorities. The cost of EIA and the subsequent environmental mitigation measures are in general borne by the developers. Nevertheless, resources are a problem and one, which can in part be addressed through further streamlining and passing the associated costs to the private sector institutions that stand to benefit from development.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Malaysia already has the planning systems in place and has received support at the federal and state level during the previous cooperation programme. Further strengthening is required at state and local authority levels in order to provide examples and demonstrations of best practice that are relevant for the range of constraints faced at these levels. External assistance with its catalytic effects of changing mindsets and broadening the range of planning tools and methodologies will support Malaysia in its attempts to raise the status of environmental considerations in development planning.

Objectives and Indicators

The objective is "The environmental impact of development is minimised through early introduction of environmental management principles in the planning and approvals processes".

The expected environmental impact from this component of the cooperation programme is that the procedures and systems already established function better and more consistently. If successful, this cooperation will lead to a potentially large impact on the environment as the negative environmental impact of each development project is further mitigated and positive impacts are further enhanced.

Potential indicators of success include: demonstration of the improved application of procedures by representative state planning authorities and local authorities, evidence of replication in areas not targeted for demonstration, improved cooperation between planning agencies within the demonstration area, greater information and access to examples of improved application of environmental procedures and techniques, capacity developed within Malaysian agencies to continue and extend the process of improvement.

4.7.2 Environmental Education and Awareness

Main Issues

The Government of Malaysia acknowledges that conservation and protection of the environment are closely linked to the attitudes and practices of society at large. As a result there has been an increasing level of environmental education and awareness activities undertaken by a variety of governmental and non-governmental agencies. However a significant gap has been noted between raising awareness and understanding of environmental issues and the required changes in attitude and behaviour to address the underlying problems. Thus an important issue in the future is to develop a more holistic strategy linking together education, awareness, and introduction of options and incentives for improved environmental management.

Further, the media in Malaysia is taking progressively greater interest in environmental affairs and reporting it more frequently and in greater depth than before. This reflects a growing public interest especially by the urban middle classes and those threatened by a reduced quality of life due to environmental deterioration.

Lead Partners

Ministry of Education together with awareness generating units of line agencies (e.g. Department of the Environment, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Forest Department, Fishery Department, Water Supply Department, Local Government Department) and environmental NGOs and CBOs. The media is also expected to play an important role.

Policies, Plans and Financing

During the 7^th Malaysia Plan significantly more emphasis was put on environmental education and awareness raising than previously in recognition of the importance of informing the public on the environment and bringing about changes in social attitudes and practices. NGOs and the private sector have contributed extensively and positively in promoting environmental awareness.

This emphasis will continue and be further strengthened during the 8th Malaysia Plan, which specifically indicates that "the government will continue efforts to enhance the level of environmental awareness and civic consciousness among the people. Environmental education courses and environment-based co-curricular activities under the Ministry of Education will be strengthened. The private sector, NGOs and the media will also be encouraged to continue their active role in the protection and maintenance of the environment especially through the promotion of a community-based approach". The government would also like to see its agencies placing higher priority to promoting environmental awareness in a coordinated manner.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Awareness building and environmental education are the keys to ensuring that the principles of sustainable development, conservation and environmental management gradually assume a higher profile and become stronger factors in decision making within the public and private sectors as well as at individual and community levels.

All projects in the cooperation programme should contribute to building up environmental awareness and education. However environmental education and awareness is so important and prioritised so highly by Malaysia and Denmark that it should also be a stand-alone component in the programme.

Some of the key areas that would strengthen the environmental education programme include the review of the school curriculum, school co-curricular programmes, teacher training programmes and development of environmental educational material. Denmark has extensive experience in environmental education and sharing of the experience would benefit the Malaysian programme. Danced will provide technical assistance for the implementation processes and for capacity building.

Current environmental awareness activities are often of a short term or ad-hoc basis and are not well coordinated between different sectoral agencies, the NGOs and the media. One priority identified is to develop a national strategy and action plan to support a more effective approach to raising environmental awareness.

Since the media are playing an increasing role in monitoring and disseminating information on environmental issues, it will be strategic to develop elements of the programme, which will link to and support the media in this role.

Objectives and Indicators

The proposed objective for this activity is: "Support integrated education, awareness and behavioural change programmes, which can mobilise community effort to protect and improve the natural environment".

Anticipated environmental impacts include:

	Improved awareness and knowledge on environmentally sound behaviour in schools, public and other target groups.
	Successful demonstration projects of community mobilisation through awareness programmes to tackle urgent environmental problems.
	Enhanced coordination between governmental and non-governmental organisations involved in environmental education and awareness.

Indicators of success include: environmental education activities integrated into curricular and co-curricular activities in schools; increased number of activities involving schoolchildren, general public and other target groups in environmental protection and rehabilitation; increased resources allocation by different stakeholders for environmental awareness and clean-up activities; increased level of public involvement and debate in environmental issues.

4.7.3 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements

Main Issues

Malaysia is a party to a range of international environmental conventions and agreements and is in the process of considering approval of additional agreements. It is important that Malaysia, at both federal and state level, has the resources and the institutional, organisational and human capacity to effectively implement the obligations under these conventions and to collaborate actively with other parties in the region and internationally.

Lead Partners

The Conservation and Environment Management Division (CEMD) of MOSTE is the focal point for most of the environmental conventions and agreements. The DOE and DWNP are operational focal points for some of the conventions such as the Montreal protocol and CITES, while MPI is responsible for the negotiations through the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF). A broad range of government, private sector and non-government stakeholders need to be involved in implementing the conventions and associated policies and legislation.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The 8^th Malaysia Plan specifically states that "Malaysia will take steps to fulfil its convention obligations and to ensure that its programmes and projects are in line with its commitments". In response to becoming a party to the Conventions, Malaysia is in the process of developing a range of national policies and strategies, which will guide the implementation of the convention in Malaysia such as the National Policy on Biological Diversity (1998). Policy frameworks or strategies need to be developed for other conventions and followed through with implementation plans, which give clear agency responsibilities and resource allocations.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

International assistance is needed to assist Malaysia in meeting these obligations. In addition for the conventions which are new or still developing, Malaysia needs assistance in strengthening the capacity for negotiating the conventions or assessing their potential impacts. Since Denmark is a party to the same environmental conventions as Malaysia, there are significant synergies to be gained by working together and sharing experience in their implementation. Linkages can also be made to other countries in the region which are supported by Danced and Danida also in the area of convention implementation.

Priority should be placed on the main Rio conventions, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as some of the emerging conventions and agreements such as POPs, the Biosafety Protocol and the IFF. In addition support should be given for Malaysia to share its good experience in convention implementation such as with Ramsar convention, Montreal Protocol and Basel Convention with other developing countries. In this context linkage with or support for international frameworks such as the ASEAN Working group on multilateral environmental agreements or the CHM or River Basin Initiative under the CBD would be appropriate.

Objectives and Indicators

The objective would be "Malaysia establishes an active process to implement environmental conventions and protocols and support national and regional implementation activities".

Environmental impacts would include:

	Successful implementation of key environmental conventions.
	Experience and lessons learned shared with other countries.

Indicators of success would be: level of progress in convention implementation, level of resources allocated under 9^th Malaysia plan for convention implementation, number of exchange and collaboration activities ongoing with other countries related to conventions; level of activity of Malaysian delegations in future negotiations.

4.7.4 Economic Instruments

Main Issues

It is generally agreed that there are currently an inadequate allocation of resources for sound environmental protection and management in Malaysia. This is partly because of an overall shortage of funding due to Malaysia’s developing nation status especially following the regional economic crisis, but also is due to poor awareness and incentive systems to encourage greater resource allocation. At the moment the government is the main source of environment related funding but options need to be examined for the establishment of funding mechanisms supported directly by the private and public sector on the basis of the "User/beneficiary pays" and "polluter pays" principles.

Lead Partners

The lead partner in this activity would be the EPU together with the Ministry of Finance and appropriate sections in line agencies (e.g. DOE, WSD, DID, Federal Forestry Department) or associated ministries (eg MOSTE, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Agriculture, and Ministry of Primary Industries).who could introduce such economic instruments into their programmes.

Policies, Plans and Financing

The 8^th Malaysia Plan specifically states the objective "to increase the use of fiscal policy in pursuit of environmental objectives and promoting the use of appropriate market-based instruments and self-regulatory measures among industries".

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Economic instruments and incentive/disincentive measures can play an important role in stimulating civil society and the private sector to be more active in environmental management. Such incentives may include policy/legislative or economic incentives frameworks. Economic incentives may include product or effluent taxes and charges; grants or subsidies and user fees. In the second Country Programme, assistance was provided by Danced for the development and testing of some options for incentive measures. This is an area where Danish experience over the last 10 years provides a valuable basis for partnership with Malaysia. This focus would also build on experience from the activities in the present cooperation programme. Activities in third Country Programme are likely to focus on incorporating economic instruments and other incentive/disincentive measures into a range of government and Danced supported projects rather than having a specific free-standing projects on economic incentives.

Objectives and Indicators

The proposed objective is that "Economic instruments will increasingly be used by governmental agencies to stimulate improved environmental management and sustainable use of natural resources".

Potential environmental impacts will include

	Economic and other instruments used to facilitate effective environmental management and rehabilitation by key stakeholders.
	Improved self –sustaining resource generation for multiple use management of natural resources.

Possible indicators could be: number of projects and activities using new approaches for economic instruments, rate of replication of demonstrated techniques and increase in resources generated for environmental management through economic instruments.

4.7.5 Environmental Knowledge Building and Information Management

Main Issues

Accurate information on the status and value of the Malaysian natural resources and the environment are crucial to support effective decision making and environmental management. At present much of the information may not be of the best quality, may be out of date or hard to access. Some agencies do have good information but this may not be easily accessible by the decision-makers or managers who need it. Such problems are common to many countries and need concerted interagency coordination and also adequate resource allocation to deal with them.

Lead Partners

The EPU, the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Science Technology and the Environment is the appropriate lead partner in this area. Other agencies with significant data holdings are the Malaysian Remote Sensing Centre (MACRES), Forest Department and Fisheries Department as well as the Department of the Environment. Additional data holdings are with the universities and various NGOs.

Policies, Plans and Financing

One of the priority areas identified in the framework of the 7th and 8th Malaysia plan relates to the collection and management of information or data related to environmental or natural resource management. Such information is critical for the sustainable management of natural resources and for integration of environmental issues into development planning.

Rationale and Nature of the Malaysian-Danish Cooperation

Priorities in this area include collecting and making available information on the spatial distribution of natural ecosystems such as wetlands or forests, hotspots for biodiversity conservation, areas of importance for the livelihood of local communities or potential for ecotourism. Such information is of value for land-use and development planning and for the preparation of natural resource management activities or EIAs. At present this information is often scattered between a wide range of agencies and or hard to access.

A second thrust in this area is in the development of Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) which are supposed to provide at a glance whether the development undertaken by any country is sustainable or not. SDIs will provide a sign whether existing policies are achieving their development focus or additional intervention may be needed. A reliable and accepted system of SDIs will signal to policy makers the impact of current environmental initiatives as well as indicate the need for greater focus on environmental protection and conservation.

A third area relates to the provision of access to required information or data for environmental management purposes. In line with Malaysia’s priority to develop an information-based society and knowledge economy, it will be important to examine ways in which the growing use of information and communication technology can be used to support better environmental decision making. This is an area in which Denmark has significant experience.

Objectives and Indicators

The proposed objective in this area is "the quality and quantity of information needed for environmental management should be improved and made more accessible".

The environmental impact would be:

	Improved quality of environmental management and decision making based on improved access to information.
	Improved monitoring and reporting of environmental quality.

Indicators of success would include: increased availability to environmental information on the internet and other forms, regular production of reports on the status of Malaysian environment; operating system of sustainable development indicators; increased coordination and exchange between both governmental and non-governmental agencies on environmental information.

4.8 Participation of the Private Sector, Universities and NGOs

The four main channels of the present Malaysian – Danish cooperation: Government to Government; Support to NGOs; Support to Universities and the Private Sector Partnership Facility have been relatively independent so far but there is a desire to bring them closer in order to achieve a more coherent impact and improve synergy. This will be achieved by adjusting the arrangements for each of the support mechanisms, enhancing cooperation and exchange between the channels and also including representatives from all channels on the PSC.

Considerable support has been given to the federal and state levels during the first and second programme of cooperation and there is a need now to follow this up with a closer cooperation at local level. The programme should thus, in many areas, start to focus more at the local government and community levels.

During the third phase of cooperation, greater focus will be put on reaching out to the private sector and to the community. It is at these levels that self-interest is greatest and where economic approaches can increase the incentives for the private sector and the community at large to be agents of conservation and environmental protection.

Participation of the Private sector

There is a desire from Malaysia to accelerate and deepen cooperation with Denmark in areas such as environmental technology transfer and the creation of an enabling environment for the private sector within the provision of environmental services and for active partnership between Malaysian and Danish industries. Danish firms and industry are amongst the world’s leaders in the provision of environmental services. Although this has been a focus also in the second Country Programme the desired results have yet to be achieved.

A business development component should be developed building on the present Private Sector Partnership Facility, which is designed to support the private environmental sector in Malaysia by establishing partnerships or joint ventures with the Danish environmental sector.

Some of the key areas to be addressed in the third Country Programme include:

	Simplifying the Private Sector Partnership Facility rules.
	Improving the distribution of information on the possibilities of the private sector partnership.
	Encouraging exchanges between the private sector in both countries.
	Transfer of marketable products and services to the Malaysian market through local partners.
	Utilisation of market opportunities for environmental services through the main government to government Malaysia – Danish cooperation programme.
	Establishment of demonstration project for technology adjusted to the Malaysian market.
	Support for local partners to develop capacity to provide services and equipment targeting the Malaysian and regional environmental market.
	Involving the private sector in the administration of the facility.

Participation of Universities

Universities are important agents of environmental change. Students who represent the next generation have a special role, responsibility and interest in contributing to safeguarding the environment. It has long been recognised that environmental education and human resources development are two of the most important factors in the longer-term adoption of sustainable approaches to development.

Presently Danced supports two consortia of Danish Universities (Duced - Danish University Consortium for Environment and Development) in their collaboration with a Malaysia consortium of universities (Muced – Malaysian University Consortium for Environment and Development). This collaboration assists Malaysian universities to upgrade their environmental-related courses using insights and techniques developed in Denmark especially on the application of problem orientated and inter-disciplinary approaches. Support is also given to a research programme within environment and sustainable development.

The future university cooperation should be based on long-term cooperation between the Danish and Malaysian universities. The university consortium should contribute to the education of graduates to participate in the sustainable development in Malaysia. The university component under the Malaysia - Danish programme should only be an interim component to facilitate the inclusion of sustainable development into the overall Malaysian University curriculum. Long-term cooperation between Danish and Malaysian universities should be based on partnership and agreements.

Participation of NGOs and CBOs

The working relationship between Malaysian NGOs and the various government ministries has strengthened over the past 10 years. There is now widespread cooperation between government agencies and various NGOs especially in relation to environmental education and awareness, and biodiversity conservation and recycling. NGOs and CBOs are seen as valuable agents that can offer new and fresh insights into the environmental debate and facilitate community/public involvement.

When fully developed the present NGO programme will comprise a central component providing support, networking and capacity building for NGOs and then a range of projects to support specific NGOs to undertake targeted awareness raising, community mobilisation and other activities.

Support has been indicated by government agencies for increased involvement of NGOs and CBOs in future phases of cooperation – in line with the proposal for increased focus in the programme on involving the general public and communities and in facilitating long term behaviour changes in areas such as waste reduction and recycling, energy and water conservation, reduction of littering, ensuring cleanliness of streams and rivers, community monitoring and self enforcement. NGOs have also indicated an increasing willingness to work with the government on these common objectives, subject to the availability of resources.

The future programme should focus on increased environmental awareness within society at large. The future aim of the third Country Programme will also be to support the development of an effective NGO community in Malaysia.

Danced assistance can be useful in building up capacity within the NGOs/CBOs to undertake such actions at a project specific level. The comparative advantages of the NGOs and CBOs in mobilising community resources, responding to and understanding grass root levels and empowering communities should be used on projects where these type of activities are relevant to achieving objectives.

It is proposed where possible that an integrated approach is used so that Government and NGO activities are more coordinated at the programme and project level to build a smart partnership.

It is also recognised that various modalities of NGO engagement would be appropriate including direct support – but directly supported activities should complement other elements in the programme

Danced assistance can be useful in building up capacity within the NGOs at project specific level and also to develop a holistic programme to empower NGOs as a pro-active agent dealing with community and environmental based issues.

There are initiatives underway to strengthen and link Malaysian environmental NGOs that will facilitate more effective cooperation with the government and also with external assistance agencies such as Danced. A strategy is being developed for cooperation between the environmental NGOs within the framework of the third Country Programme and if approved by all concerned will probably involve activities:

	Within specific environmental themes and focus areas.
	Within Integrated and Cross Sectorial initiatives.
	Which will maximise policy dialogue and impact.
	Which involve Danish NGO partners.

The projects will include:

	Free standing NGO projects which complement activities by the government – NGO initiated and need driven at a local level.
	Small Grant projects – CBO initiated and at the grassroots level.
	Co-operation projects – mutually initiated by government and NGOs and focusing on policy issues.

4.9 Cooperation Programme Modalities

Local Ownership and Participation

The core of the programme will take its departure point from ongoing Malaysian plans and be reflected in local resource allocation. Most of the money will therefore shadow the Malaysian funding allocation rather than fill large gaps in funding. Gap filling may take place in cross-sectoral or integrated areas where it is difficult for sectoral agencies to allocate resources at least in the beginning of such processes. The challenge will be to find areas of cooperation where external support can extend, improve or in some way add value by providing a unique aspect that cannot just be achieved by the application of more Malaysian resources. The scope for assistance is thus narrow since it must be directed at areas where external assistance is necessary but also where there are ongoing and professionally prepared plans and programmes.

Where projects are intended to interact with the public sector they should be closely linked to federal and state budgeting, planning and expenditure routines. Where staff resources are to be activated this should be within already defined duties and work schedules. This will go some way towards avoiding the common problem of projects being without counterpart financing or counterparts being unable to attend to project duties because of the need to also attend to their core routine duties.

Support can, if wrongly channelled, harm more than it helps by temporarily substituting the need to get cost recovery working. Too much support or too thorough an approach may be impossible for other organisations to replicate if they do not have Danced support as well. If something is started that is not linked to ongoing programmes and initiatives, it might die out when the project stops. Projects that draw on scarce public sector resources may not be helping in the long run. These are common failings in cooperation programmes. This cooperation programme should be designed to work with local processes and be compatible with the scale of locally available resources. These measures should improve the quality of the results and the chances of replication.

It is often noted that the projects are isolated and sporadic and are less effective since they do not support each other. A counter viewpoint and one that is closer to the Malaysian-Danish cooperation perspective is that what binds effective assistance is not internal cohesion between projects but the degree to which projects are linked to an appropriate national sector framework. It is the close link to a coherent Malaysia national framework (policies, institutions, priorities and plans) that makes projects effective. Internal cohesion between Danced supported projects could even be counter productive if it replaces rather than supports an existing framework or if it masks the presence of an inherently inappropriate national framework. The coherence of the projects has to come from the fact they all serve the same objectives for Danced environmental support to Malaysia.

It is a strong priority of this programme of cooperation that the projects are located at state and local levels as well as at federal levels. This will increase the visibility of the projects and build on the previous cooperation at more central levels. It will help the process of consolidation by completing the chain of support and demonstration from the central to the local level.

Many of the priority areas of cooperation involve initiatives that are multi-agency in nature such as integration of environment in urban planning or integrated river basin management. Danced supported project have a potentially catalytic impact when they assist in inter-departmental cooperation if as a result of such assistance the cooperation in the future improves. It is important that the cooperation programme is able to find and work with a lead partner from the Malaysian side rather than assume the coordinating "hub" role itself.

Since many of the environmental problems being tackled have a time horizon that is well beyond the time horizon of the environmental cooperation it is important that the follow up activities are well anchored locally in institutions that can carry out the tasks.

A minor part of the programme will be reserved for emerging priorities and for new aspects that show promise but which lie at the periphery of ongoing plans and resource allocations. In many cases this could reflect new opportunities for environmental improvement or test approaches which would otherwise not be tried. These projects are intended to be highly experimental or catalytic in nature. The outcomes do not therefore have to necessarily be sustained by Malaysian institutes. For this reason, unlike projects within the core support programme, it will not always be necessary that a local budget or plan be already in place.

Facilitation of Environmental Investments

Funding for environment and sustainable development is increasing in Malaysia as these areas assume greater importance for policy makers. There is recognition that new funding methods, which involve harnessing the private sector and adoption of market driven approaches, are needed. The Third Agricultural Plan mentions a number of radical changes in funding the government support to the sector.

Denmark has been able through adoption of economic instruments, green taxes and the mobilisation of the private sector and civil society to substantially increase the funding available for environmental projects and activities. Some of these experiences will be transferable and useful for Malaysia and will be brought to bear and integrated into projects where relevant. It may during the later part of the Country Programme be found relevant to focus on this aspect more as part of the evolution of the cooperation programme into one that focuses more on mutual cooperation rather than support.

Demonstration, Implementation and Visibility

Most of the support in the previous phases has concentrated on technical assistance and on processes at the policy and planning level. The next programme of cooperation should, in some areas, support processes that are closer to the implementation phase and that will lead to physical results.

The Malaysia-Danish cooperation so far has built on a model where Danced assists with pilot or demonstration projects at federal or state level that then can be replicated elsewhere in Malaysia. The rationale is that Danced assistance is needed to test new concepts and support them through initial start up difficulties but that thereafter Malaysian resources will be sufficient to replicate the approaches developed. In line with this strategy the third Country Programme should support replication of results rather than finance the duplication of projects in other states.

Demonstration that is replicated is a highly relevant and potentially a very efficient form of support but the amount of replication so far in the cooperation programme has been limited. Some of the areas that could be explored in order to improve replication are: the need to verify that resources are available in other states for the concepts that should be replicated, closer linkage between local funding channels and Danced financing, greater and earlier attention given to dissemination and attention given to inter-state cooperation.

Modalities of Capacity Building

The modalities of capacity building should be broadened out to include not only on-the-job training by consultant teams but also to include twinning type secondments, short courses and the building up of Malaysian institutes of training. Post project completion follow up support including evaluation of training given so far should be offered where appropriate thus strengthening the consolidation of previous support.

Funding channels for capacity building need to be considered on a case-by-case basis. Funding through consultancy contracts has proven to be a flexible and practical arrangement. However, there may be instances with the development of a closer partnership where co-financing becomes more common and other more direct funding channels can be considered.

Modalities of Communication

Public participation improves effectiveness of governmental performance. Experience has indicated that decisions made through a process that includes public and institutional discussion result in better implementation of environmental goals, as well as strengthened public support for governmental action. It builds partnerships between citizens, their communities, and regional and national agencies, both private and public. Public participation promotes environmental improvements and by supporting community awareness, helps to avoid costly mistakes. The process also promotes stakeholder accountability. When both private citizens and large corporations have a stake in the outcome of these activities, environmental stewardship is greatly improved.

Gender

A gender-sensitive approach will be used in the further development of the programme. Although both genders are well represented in decision-making positions in many of the relevant governmental and non-governmental agencies, there is more separation in roles at the local or community level. Thus it will be appropriate that social studies undertaken as part of the further programme design and targeting be undertaken in such a way as to allow gender-dis-aggregated assessment where appropriate. This is in line with strategies for advancing the role of women in Malaysian society as laid out in Chapter 20 of the 8^th Malaysian Plan on Women and Development.

Evolution of the Cooperation and Longer-Term Regional Cooperation

During the third Country Programme, the cooperation will likely evolve to give a greater focus on assisting Malaysia in establishing itself as a leading figure in the global and regional environmental and sustainable development debate and coordination of environmental improvement.

The 8^th Malaysia Plan indicates that "efforts will be made to further strengthen cooperation with developing countries to promote a common stand on international issues. South South cooperation has been identified as an effective mechanism for optimising the potential of developing countries through mobilising and sharing of expertise as well as complementing programmes with donor countries".

In addition "Malaysia will continue third country training programmes to assist other developing countries in areas where Malaysia has the expertise. Efforts will also be intensified to expand the scope and coverage of the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP). Malaysia has also identified the modality of trilateral technical assistance to be encouraged with the cooperation of developed countries. This modality would encourage the replication of successful projects in other developing countries, utilising inputs from both Malaysia and the cooperating developed country".

This strategy of Malaysia to become increasingly more active in supporting other developing countries could open up opportunities for collaboration with Danced and other partners in regional or third country projects. Malaysia would also benefit from experienced from the Danced programme in Thailand and other countries and would also like to promote positive experiences from Malaysia.

Similarly, Danced support for more active involvement in development and implementation of global environmental conventions will allow Malaysia to engage in the international debate from a more well-informed and experienced basis and also draw on the experience of others in implementing conventions.

Options and modalities for regional or third country collaboration with Danced should be developed and tested through the third Country programme period. With regard to the South East Asian region, activities can build on the framework of the Danish Strategy for Regional Environmental Assistance.

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