The following research projects for the period 2002-2003 are being financed by the EU Commission's research programme EUMETSAT and national research councils and programmes.

	DEMETER. "Development of a European Multi-model Ensemble system for seasonal to interannual prediction".
	PREDICATE. "Mechanisms and predictability of decadal fluctuations in AtlanticEuropean climate".
	DETECT. "Detection of changing radiative forcing over the recent decades"
	PROMISE. "Predictability and variability of monsoons, and the agricultural and hydrological impacts of climate change".
	PRISM. "Programme for Integrated earth System Modelling".
	PRUDENCE. "Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate change risks and Effects".
	STARDEX. "Statistical and Regional Dynamical downscaling of Extremes for European regions".
	CAL. "Coupling of Atmospheric Layers".
	GLIMPSE. "Global Implications of Arctic climate processes and feedbacks".
	CWE. "Climate, Water and Energy".
	SAT-MAP-CLIMATE. "Satellite based bio-geophysical parameter mapping and aggregation modelling for CLIMATE models". (The Wind Energy Department at Risø National Laboratory is also participating.) • "Application of seasonal climate forecasts for improved management strategies for crops in Western Africa".
	"Consequences of climate change for the oceanic environment near Greenland".
	CONWOY. "Consequences of weather and climate changes for marine and freshwater ecosystems".
	PSC Climate. "Polar stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion: The role in global climate change".
	MAPSCORE. "Mapping of polar Stratospheric Clouds and Ozone levels relevant to the Region of Europe".
	SAMMOA. "Spring-to-Autumn Measurements and Modelling of Ozone and Active species".
	CANDIDOZ. "Chemical and Dynamical Influences on Decadal Ozone Changes".
	GREENICE. "Greenland Arctic shelf ice and climate experiment".
	MOEN. "Meridional Overturning Exchange with Nordic Seas".
	CONVECTION. "Greenland Sea Convection Mechanisms and their Climatic Implications".
	EUMETSAT OZON and UV SAF. "The development and implementation of certain activities of a EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on ozone monitoring".
	GRAS SAF. The development of a EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for GRAS meteorology, including a visiting scientist programme.
	Ocean and Sea Ice SAF. "The development of a EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility".

Geological Surveys of Denmark and Greenland - GEUS

	"Ice-edge monitoring" Collection of time series of melting from the ice cap in southern Greenland. Will presumably be expanded with a Dancea project". Project period: 2003-2006.
	"Lake-climate interactions in space and time". Studies of lake data to understand the processes linking the state of lakes with climate variations. Project period 2003.
	"Green Ice". Studies of the sea ice north of Greenland to determine changes in thickness etc. caused by climate changes. Project period: 2003-2006.
	"Euro Clim". Establishment of monitoring and warning system for climate changes based on ice and water data in Greenland. Project period: 2001-2004.
	"Cryosat". Participation in establishment of the programme for the CRYOSAT satellite for monitoring ice caps, glaciers and sea ice. Project period: 2003.
	"Holocene Greenland". Identification of Holocene palaeohoydrographic changes in the Greenland fjords and coastal areas in relation to climate changes. Project period: 1999-2003.
	"Norse - Climate". Studies of the natural conditions in the period 1000-1500 BC in order to cast light on the Northman's living conditions in Greenland. Project period: 2001- 2003.
	"History of the ice cap". Studies of the spread of the ice cap during the last Ice Age in the northern part of West Greenland. Project period 2002-2003.
	DART." Quantify the dynamics of forest-tundra ecotone response to climate and landuse changes". Project period: 2000-2003.
	"Effects of climate changes". Development of a concept for monitoring climate changes in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and adjacent areas. Project period 2003.
	"METROL". Investigations of methane emission from the seabed in the North Sea and Danish inland waters with a view to possible climate impacts. Project period: 2002-2005.
	"PACLIVA". Comparison of the climate system in the North Atlantic in the relatively cold year 2000 with the climate system that prevailed from 8,000 to 6,000 years ago. Project period 2002- 2004.

	The EU project HOLSMEER. "Late Holocene Shallow Marine Environments of Europe". The focus of the project is climate changes in the last 2,000 years. The investigations are being carried out on, inter alia, drilled marine cores from Portugal in the south to the coastal areas of Iceland and Norway in the north. Project period: 2001-2003.
	The EU project PACLIVA. "Patterns of Climate Variability in the North Atlantic". The project compares the climate system in the recent relatively cold year 2000 with the climate system that prevailed from 8,000 to 6,000 years ago, i.e. with the warmest period we have had in the last 11,500 years. Project period: 2002-2004.
	KRONPAL. "Chronology and paleoclimate: Integration of marine cores from Iceland with AMS 14C datings, ash chronology and ice cores". The project examines large and small oceanographic shifts in the North Atlantic in the last 15,000 years and problems concerning exact dating of these. Project period: 2003-2005.
	"Varvige, Holoene and interglacial lake sediments in Denmark". Lake sediments from the last 11,500 years from interglacial periods with rhythmic stratifications (year strata, layers of glacial deposit) are being studied with a number of detailed stratigraphic methods. One of the aims is to determine how quickly the land environment and the aquatic environment have reacted to climate changes in the past. Project period: 2003-2005.

	DINOG. "Dinitrogen fixation and nitrous oxide losses in organic grass-clover pastures: An integrated experimental and modelling approach". The purpose is to quantify nitrogen fixation and nitrous oxide emission from grasslands through monitoring, laboratory tests and modelling of nitrification and denitrification. Project period: 2001-2004.
	MIDAIR. "Greenhouse gas mitigation for organic and conventional dairy production". The purpose of this project is to identify and quantify the main sources of greenhouse gas emission from organic and conventional milk production and to indicate strategies for mitigating these emissions. Project period: 2001-2004.
	GREENGRASS. "Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases from managed European Grasslands and Mitigation Strategies". The purpose of this project is to quantify exchange of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from grassland in Europe through monitoring and modelling, and to evaluate the potential for mitigation in selected operating strategies. Project period: 2002-2004.
	PRUDENCE. "Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate change risks and Effects". The purpose of this project is to improve the basis for projecting climate effects through modelling and to interpret predictions and uncertainties in relation to the EU's policy for adaptation to and mitigation of climate changes. Project period 2002-2004.
	"Knowledge synthesis on energy in organic farming". Purpose: to gather knowledge about energy consumption, possible savings and energy production in organic farming and to evaluate the possibilities for reducing fossil energy in organic production. Project period: 2002-2003.

Projects are in progress within the following areas:

	Ice cores and climate parameters, datings
	The carbon cycle/the ocean's circulation and physical properties
	The stability of the climate
	Atmospheric CO2 transports
	Large-scale meteorology
	Statistical analyses of climate data

Geological Institute

	Projects are in progress within the following areas:
	Long lake cores from Denmark and this and the previous interglacial period
	Correlation between Greenland ice cores and lake cores in Denmark by means of well-dated ash strata from Iceland or the Eifel area in Germany

Geographic Institute

	FITES. "Fire in Tropical Ecosystems". FITES has studied the distribution, controls/causes and effects, including climatic ones, of savannah fires in the Sudanian and south-Sahelian zone of Africa. Project period: 1986-2003.
	INTEO. "Integration of Earth Observation Data in Distributed Hydrological Models". INTEO studies the use of Earth Observation data for running, calibrating and validating hydrological models, at the scale of large river basins, allowing assessment of the effect of climatic change on water resource availability. Project period: 1996-2005.
	"Land use and carbon cycle in Senegal". The project is studying the impact of land use change on carbon storage in vegetation and soils in Senegal. Project period: 1999-2002. (Extension of the project is under negotiation). NECC. "Nordic Centre for Studies of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange and its interaction with the climate system". The interaction between CO2 and climate is being studied over selected Nordic ecosystems, ranging from agricultural areas on Zealand to the tundra in North Sweden. Project period: 2003-2007.
	EO-FLUX. "Earth observation data for upscaling carbon Flux and water Budget at Zealand". CO2 and H2O exchange over Zealand is being studied on the basis of satellite data, CO2 measurements and hydrological modelling. Project period: 2001-2003.

Institute of Molecular Biology

"Forest Carbon - Nitrogen Trajectories (FORCAST)". The objective is to investigate carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes in European forest ecosystems. Project period: 1999-2003.

Institute of Chemistry. The Atmosphere Group

"Establishment of relevant physical and chemical quantities: IR absorption spectra, velocity and photolytic constants, uptake coefficients, formation of CCN (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) etc." Project period: ongoing

Botanical Institute

	"Biogeochemistry in the Arctic - processes, controls and sensitivity to global change". Measurement of drivers and controls of biogeochemical nutrient and carbon cycling in arctic ecosystems and probable impacts on the cycles of a predicted climate change. Project period: 2000-2002.
	"Processes in the plant-microbe-soil interface: Implications for ecosystem function". Experimental assessment of probable impact of future projected climate change on processes in the plant-microbe-soil system in Arctic ecosystems that have been manipulated to mimic future changes in environmental conditions. Project period: 2003-2005.
	FITES - Fire in Tropical Ecosystems. Studies of the effect of fire on decomposition of matter, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emission in savannah ecosystems. The Botanical, Geographic and Zoological Institutes and the Botanical Museum are participating in the project.

Risø National Laboratory

Department for Plant Research

	EU project CarbonEuroflux. Exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem. Project period: Project period 1996 - ? (depending on project renewal).
	EU project CORE. "Climate -Atmosphere Interaction". Its goal is to produce continuous field measurements on atmosphere-biosphere interactions at six field research stations run by four participants (University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, and Risø National Laboratory. Project period: 2000-2003.
	The EU project VULCAN. "Effect of heating and drying out on heath ecosystems' function, biodiversity and plant composition". In the project experimental heating and drying out of seminatural ecosystems are being carried out in six European countries to study the effects on the ecosystems. Project period: 2001-2004.
	EU project GREENGRASS. "Sources and sinks of greenhouse gasses from managed European grasslands and mitigation scenarios". The purpose is to acquire detailed knowledge about CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from grassland along European climate gradients and under varying forms of use and cultivation with a view to evaluating possible "mitigation options" by changing cultivation and use practice. Project period: 2001-
	EU-project NOFRETTE. "Nitrogen oxide emissions from European forest ecosystems". The project covers emission of NO and N2O from forest ecosystems. Its purpose is partly to determine the size of these emissions and partly to describe the fundamental process that drive the NO/N2O emission from European forest ecosystems under the influence of geographically determined variations in nitrogen deposition, climate and soil conditions and types of forest. Project period: 2001 -
	"Greenhouse gas emission and nitrogen fixation in clover". The project is intended to help cast light on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from cropped clover areas and determine the proportion of the biologically fixated nitrogen that is given off as N2O. Project period: 2000-2004
	"Recovery of forest ecosystems from acidification - impacts of climate change". In this project model calculations are being carried out of the effect of climate changes on the "recovery" processes for soil acidification under the agreed protocols for reduction of sulphur and nitrogen emission. Project period 2001-2003
	"UV impacts on the vegetation in Zackenberg, Greenland". The main purpose of the project is to establish a relatively simple and robust method for continuous monitoring of the effects of UV radiation on selected Arctic species of plant in Zackenberg, Greenland. Project period: 2001- 2004.

Energy System Group

"Assessment and Dissemination activity on major Investment Opportunities for renewable electricity in Europe using the REBUS tool - Admire Rebus". Financed by the EU's ALTERNER programme. Project period: 2002-2003.

"Green-X Deriving optimal promotion strategies for increasing the share of RES-E in a dynamic European electricity market". The core objective of this project is to facilitate significantly increased electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES-E) in a liberalised electricity market with minimal costs to European citizens. To identify most important strategies, the dynamic toolbox Green -X will be developed. Project period 2002-2004.

Department for Wind Energy

	SAT-MAP-CLIMATE. "Satellite-based bio-geophysical parameter mapping and aggregation modelling for CLIMATE models". The purpose of the project was to extract information from satellite pictures of surface roughness over land, sea and land temperatures, albedo and plant cover and to utilise the resulting maps in weather forecasting and climate models. Project period: 1999-2002. (the DMI also participated.)
	WATERMED. "Water use Efficiency in natural vegetation and agricultural areas by remote sensing in the Mediterranean basin". The purpose of the project is to map water balance and vegetation in the Mediterranean area, in both Europe and Africa, on the basis of satellite pictures and modelling. Project period: 2000-2003.
	EO-FLUX-BUDGET. "Earth Observation data for upscaling carbon FLUX and water BUDGET at Zealand". The purpose of the project is to determine the CO2 and water balance for a region (Zealand) on the basis of satellite pictures and modelling. The results complement point measurements of CO2 and water balance in a climate context. Project period 2000-2004
	The EU project AutoFlux. The objective of the AutoFlux project has been to develop an instrumentation system "AutoFlux" for routine unattended use on Voluntary Observing Ships or unmanned buoys, for monitoring climate relevant surface fluxes over the oceans. Project period: 1998-2002.
	NEAREX. "Modelling and measuring the transport of CO2 to the Greenland Sea from Eastern/Central Europe. Project period: 1998-2002.
	NECC. "Nordic Centre for Studies of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange and its interaction with the climate system". Project period: 2003-2007.
	CarboEuroflux. Exchange of CO2 and water vapor between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem. The project, which is EU funded covers a range of biomes from the Mediterranean to the boreal region. Project period 1996 - ? (depending on project renewal). Contribution to the global carbon cycle through FLUXNET.
	RS-model "Remote Sensing based Crop Simulation and Soil-Vegetation-AtmosphereTransport modelling. Project period: 1996-1999 plus 2001-2004. (Danish funding).
	Carbon uptake in the Greenland Sea- AMAP-project. The CO2 exchange between the sea and the atmosphere in the sub polar area will be investigated and quantified. Previous measurements in the Greenland Sea is used as a basis for the development of a detailed model of the transport of CO2 across the air/water interface and the vertical transport and transformation of carbon in the water column. The project will focus on the interaction of physical and biological processes influencing the marine carbon uptake. The project is a corporation between NERI, department of Marine Ecology and Risoe National Laboratory, department of Wind Energy. Project period 2003/2004

National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)

Department of Marine Ecology

	MARINBASIS. "Environmental monitoring in Zackenberg". Marine monitoring of abiotic and biotic reactions on year-to-year variations and long-term climate changes with a view to being able to predict and document the effects of the expected climate changes. Project period: 1995 - and following decades.
	ANOXIA IN SEA ICE: Importance for C and N cycling in the Arctic - Implications of reduction in sea ice distribution and thickness on nitrogen and carbon transformations. Project period: 2001- 2003.
	NARP "The bio production and energy transfer in the Nordic Seas, the role of key zooplanktons in a system with rapid climate changes". Project period: 2001-2003.
	CASES. "Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study". Central goal: To understand and model the response of the Mackenzie Shelf ecosystem to atmospheric, oceanic and continental forcing of sea-ice cover variability. Project period: 2003-2007+.
	CANABA. "Carbon flux and ecosystem feed back in the northern Barents Sea in an era of climate change". Project period: 2003-2006.
	"Consequences of climate changes on Greenlandic marine ecosystems". Project period: 2001- 2003.
	"Functional diversity of bacteria and phytoplankton in the Disco Bay, Greenland" Project period: 2001-2003.

Department for Arctic Environment

	"The biological monitoring programme BioBasis, in Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland". Monitoring of biotic reactions on year-to-year variations and long-term climate changes with a view to being able to predict and document the effects of the expected climate changes. Project period: 1995 and following decades.
	"The natural geographic monitoring programme GeoBasis in Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland". Monitoring of abiotic reactions on year-to-year variations and long-term changes in the climate with a view to being able to predict and document the effects of the expected climate changes. Project period: 1995 and following decades.
	Environmental monitoring in Zackenberg - Marine Basis. Project period 1995 and following decades.
	"Anoxia in sea ice: Importance for C and N cycling in the Arctic". Project period: 2001-2003.
	"Effect of climate on Arctic marine ecosystems". Project period: 2001-2003.
	"The bio production and energy transfer in the Nordic Seas, the role of key zooplanktons in a system with rapid climate changes". Project period: 2001-2003.
	"The Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in Greenland: Population Dynamics and Habitat Selection in Relation to Food Quality". The study is focused on the collared lemming's food biology and habitat selection in relation to the 4-year cyclical fluctuations in population. Project period: 1999-2002.
	"Carbon balance for a High-Arctic ecosystem". The purpose of the project is to estimate the annual carbon exchange in the Zackenberg area. Project period: 2002-2005.

Department for System Analysis

	"Projection models for greenhouse gases". Models are being set up at a level of detail that makes it possible to project emission in relation to technological development and political measures. Project period: 2003
	"Inventory of Denmark's greenhouse gases for the Climate Convention and the EU". Denmark's total greenhouse gas emission is being calculated and reported in accordance with current guidelines. Project period: 1990 onwards.
	"Decoupling CO2 emissions from economic indicators: A Nordic industrial sector analysis". The project is being carried out for the Nordic Council of Ministers in cooperation with the University of Iceland. Project period: 2003-2005.

Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Soil ecology and Ecotoxicology

	"Evolutionary and Physiological Adaptations to Climate Change". Study of genetic variation and physiological adaptation in soil-living animals to extreme climate conditions. Project period: 2002-2005.
	"Effect of increased freeze-thaw cycles in Arctic soil ecosystems"-. The effects of artificially increased freeze-thaw cycles are being studied in field tests (Abisko, Sweden). The focus of this PhD project is how microarthropods react to this artificially increased stress and what consequences it might have on the conversion of organic matter in the soil. Project period: 2001- 2004.
	"Synergetic interactions between climate and pollution". An evaluation of the synergetic effects that can occur when soil-living animals are exposed to toxic stress and climate stress at the same time. The results of the project may be of importance for risk assessment of chemical substances taking account of varying climatic conditions. Project period: 1999-2004.

Department for Atmospheric Environment

The EU project AERCARB. "Airborne European Regional Observations of the Carbon Balance". The objective of AEROCARB is to demonstrate the feasibility of an integrated approach to estimate and monitor the net European carbon balance as a mean to corroborate EUwide controls of CO2 emission. Closely connected to this, is the study of spatial and temporal variations of the CO2 sources and sinks over the European continent.

Technical University of Denmark

"Solar activity and terrestrial climate: An analysis of some purported correlations". The project's critical analyses revealed serious (misleading) errors in a number of scientific articles concerning the sun's effect on the earth's climate. Project period: 2001- 2003.

	The EU project AFFOREST. "Afforestation management in north-western Europe - influence on nitrogen leaching, groundwater recharge, and carbon sequestration". Environmental effects of afforestation on agricultural land, including binding of carbon in soil and biomass. Project period: 2000-2004.
	"Spreading of wood-chip ash in Danish forestry - ecological consequences". The ecological consequences of ash recirculation under different conditions are being evaluated on the basis of experiments with spreading of ash. Project period: 1999-2004.
	The EU project CNTER. "Carbon Nitrogen Interactions in Forest Ecosystems". Methods for calculating carbon binding in forest soil. The importance of nitrogen deposition for carbon binding in forest soil. Project period: 2001-2004.
	"Biomass removal for energy purposes - return and storage of nutrients in forest ecosystems". Release of nutrients from bags of ash laid out in different localities and in different species of tree is being studied and the ability of the ash to compensate for taking nutrients out of the forest evaluated. Project period: 1999-2003.
	The EU project WOOD-EN-MAN. "Wood for energy - a contribution to the development of sustainable forest management". Research-based development of operational recommendations for sustainable forest operation using woodchips for energy purposes (economy, social economy and ecology), together with policy recommendations on increased use of forest biomass for energy purposes. Project period: 2001-2005.
	NORDBIO. "Nutrient removals with biomass in Norway spruce stands". Development of biomass equations and nutrient models for calculation of biomass and nutrient removal in Norway Spruce in the Nordic countries - particularly with a view to use for energy purposes. Project period: 2001-2004.
	The EU project VULCAN. "Vulnerability assessment of shrubland ecosystems in Europe under climatic changes". The effects of climate changes on the function of vulnerable ecosystems are being studied in six European countries. The project is intended to provide knowledge for politicians, decision-makers, land managers and farmers on the interaction between the climate of the future and the function of the ecosystems. Project period: 2001-2004.
	"Pre-treatment of wood ash and ash spreading in the forests". Project period: 2002-2004
	"Storm fall and energy wood - supply consequences". Wood fuel resources from Danish forests over _ ha - inventory and forecast 2002. Project period: 2002-2003.
	The EU project BIONORM. Pre-normative work on sampling and testing of solid biofuels for the development of quality assurance systems. Project period: 2002-2004.
	"Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems". IEA Bioenergy Programme TASK 38. Analysis of the country-level, regional and global potential of bioenergy, afforestation and other biomass-based mitigation strategies. Project period: 2001-2003.
	"Conventional Forestry Systems for Sustainable Production of Bioenergy". IEA Bioenergy Programme TASK 31. To synthesise and transfer to stakeholders important knowledge and new technical information concerning conventional forestry systems for sustainable production of bioenergy. Project period: 2001-2003.

"International trade and CO2". The purpose is to analyse the effect on the national CO2 emission of trade between countries and the possibilities for reducing the global CO2 emission by changing the pattern of trade. The project is intended to deliver results of value to the officials attending international climate negotiations. Project period: 2003.

	EO-FLUX-BUDGET. "Earth Observation data for upscaling carbon FLUX and water BUDGET at Zealand". In this project the CO2 and water balance for a region (Zealand) are being determined on the basis of satellite pictures and modelling. The results complement point measurements of CO2 and water balance in a climate context. Project period: 2000-2004.
	EPN: "European Phenological Network". Thematic Network on the analysis of phenological information in relation to climate variability/ change and exploration of possibilities to predict climate-change effects on the timing of life cycle events. Project period: 2000-2003.
	"Plant community context and reproduction of Sorbus torminalis along a large-scale gradient in Europe - analysing the species' response to climatic change". Project period: 2001- 2004.
	EC Karnal Bunt: 'Pest Risk Assessment for Karnal Bunt - Tilletia indica'. Project period: 2000- 2004.

	The EU project SITHOS. "Sea Ice Thickness Observing System". Project period: 2002-2005.
	The EU project GREENICE. "Greenland arctic shelf Ice and Climate Experiment". Project period: 2003-2006.
	CRYOSAT. "Cal/val and preparation for ESA's cryosphere monitoring satellite CryoSat". Project period: 2001-2004.
	The EU project GOCINA. "Geoid and Ocean Circulation in the North Atlantic Region". Project period 2002-2005.
	The EU project ESEAS. "European Sea Level Service - monitoring of sea-level changes by satellite". Project period: 2002-2005.

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