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Occurence and survival of viruses in composted human feaces

Table of contents

Preface
  
Summary and conclusions
  
Sammenfatning og konklusioner
  
1 The composting process
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Process description
1.3 Systems of composting
1.3.1 Aerated static pile systems
1.3.2 Windrow systems
1.3.3 Enclosed (in-vessel) systems
1.3.4. Decentralised systems of composting
1.4 Factors to be controlled during composting
1.4.1 Temperature
1.4.2 Aeration
1.4.3 Moisture
1.4.4 Carbon/nitrogen ratio
1.5 Properties and use of compost
1.6 Hazard to man and the environment
1.6.1 Chemical risk
1.6.2 Microbiological risk
1.7 Legislation
1.7.1 In Denmark
1.7.2 In the EU
1.7.3 In the USA
  
2 Pathogenic viruses in human faeces
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major pathogenic viruses occurring in human faeces
2.2.1 Adenovirus
2.2.2 Astrovirus
2.2.3 Enteroviruses
2.2.4 Hepatitis A virus
2.2.5 Hepatitis E virus
2.2.6 Norwalk virus and other human caliciviruses
2.2.7 Rotavirus
2.3 Occurrence in human faeces
2.4 Occurrence in Denmark
2.5 Response to physical-chemical factors
2.5.1 Temperature
2.5.2 pH
2.5.3 Moisture
2.6 Human infectivity and dose-response
  
3 Virus survival in composted human faeces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Virus survival during storage of faeces
3.3 Factors affecting viral survival during composting
3.3.1 Microbial degradation and enzymatic activity
3.3.2 Ammonia
3.3.3 Moisture content
3.3.4 pH
3.4 Efficiency of composting in viral inactivation
3.4.1 Composting of sewage sludge
3.4.2 Composting of liquid organic waste
3.4.3 Composting of animal faeces
3.4.4 Composting of domestic solid waste
3.4.5 Composting of poultry carcasses
3.5 Virus persistence in soil
   
4 References

 

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