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Survey and health assessment of chemical substances in jewelleries

Contents

Preface

Summary and conclusion

• Background and purpose
• The survey
• Results and main conclusions

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

1 Preface and purpose

2 Legislation in the area

• 2.1 Limitation of use of certain heavy metals
• 2.2 Limitation of use of benzidine

3 Survey and purchase

• 3.1 The market for jewelleries in Denmark
  • 3.1.1 Division of jewelleries into jewellery parts
  • 3.1.2 Categorization of jewellery parts
• 3.2 Purchase of metal jewelleries
  • 3.2.1 Price per weight unit
  • 3.2.2 Product types
  • 3.2.3 Product categories
  • 3.2.4 Purchase in relation to country of origin
  • 3.2.5 Where are the purchases made?
• 3.3 Purchase of textile necklaces
• 3.4 Results from the screening
  • 3.4.1 The uncertainty of the XRF screening
  • 3.4.2 Test for a content of Arsenic and Barium
  • 3.4.3 Content of heavy metal in the metal jewelleries
  • 3.4.4 Content of heavy metal in relation to price/gram
  • 3.4.5 Content of heavy metal in relation to the country of origin
  • 3.4.6 Content of heavy metal in the different product types
  • 3.4.7 Content of heavy metal in the different types of jewellery parts
  • 3.4.8 Content of heavy metal in the overall product categories gold, silver and non-precious metal
  • 3.4.9 Content of heavy metal in the specified product categories
  • 3.4.10 Content of heavy metal in relation to shop type

4 Migration analysis

• 4.1 Selection of metal jewellery for migration analysis
  • 4.1.1 Focus on jewellery parts with low content of Pb and Cd
  • 4.1.2 Even distribution of the overall categories gold, silver and non-precious metal
  • 4.1.3 Even distribution in the specified product categories
  • 4.1.4 Conditional distribution among types of jewellery parts and jewellery types.
  • 4.1.5 Selected jewellery parts for migration test
• 4.2 Analysis method
• 4.3 Analysis results

5 Benzidine analysis of textile necklaces

• 5.1 Results of the screening
• 5.2 Selection of textile necklaces for benzidine analysis
• 5.3 Analysis method
• 5.4 Results of the analysis

6 Health assessment of lead, cadmium, copper and nickel

• 6.1 Lead
  • 6.1.1 Occurrence and use
  • 6.1.2 Identification
  • 6.1.3 Physical and chemical properties
  • 6.1.4 Oral absorption
  • 6.1.5 Dermal absorption
  • 6.1.6 Distribution
  • 6.1.7 Acute toxicity
  • 6.1.8 Local irritation and allergy
  • 6.1.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
  • 6.1.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
• 6.2 Cadmium
  • 6.2.1 Occurrence and use
  • 6.2.2 Identification
  • 6.2.3 Physical and chemical properties
  • 6.2.4 Oral absorption
  • 6.2.5 Dermal absorption
  • 6.2.6 Distribution
  • 6.2.7 Acute toxicity
  • 6.2.8 Local irritation and allergy
  • 6.2.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
  • 6.2.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
• 6.3 Copper
  • 6.3.1 Occurrence and use
  • 6.3.2 Identification
  • 6.3.3 Physical and chemical properties
  • 6.3.4 Oral absorption
  • 6.3.5 Dermal absorption
  • 6.3.6 Distribution
  • 6.3.7 Local irritation and allergy
  • 6.3.8 Acute toxicity
  • 6.3.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
  • 6.3.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
• 6.4 Nickel
  • 6.4.1 Occurrence and use
  • 6.4.2 Identification
  • 6.4.3 Physical and chemical properties
  • 6.4.4 Oral absorption
  • 6.4.5 Dermal absorption
  • 6.4.6 Distribution
  • 6.4.7 Local irritation and allergy
  • 6.4.8 Acute toxicity
  • 6.4.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
  • 6.4.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI

7 Exposure scenarios and risk assessment

• 7.1 Assumptions and uncertainties related to the exposure calculations
  • 7.1.1 Two exposure periods – 16 and 24 hours
  • 7.1.2 Migration analysis for sweat is presumed also to apply saliva
  • 7.1.3 Inorganic metal compounds
  • 7.1.4 Highest value chosen in duplicate determinations
  • 7.1.5 Migration is presumed constant over time
• 7.2 Dermal exposure
  • 7.2.1 Results – dermal exposure
• 7.3 Oral exposure
  • 7.3.1 Results – oral exposure
• 7.4 Total health risk by using jewelleries

8 References

Appendix A: Extracts from the database of jewelleries

• 1 Overview of the content in the database
  • 1.1 Database
    • 1.1.1 Bar code
• 2 Results of the screening
  • 2.1 Content of Pb in all jewellery parts
  • 2.2 Content of Cd in all jewellery parts
  • 2.3 Content of Hg in all jewellery parts
  • 2.4 Content of Ni in all jewellery parts
  • 2.5 Content of Se and Cr in all jewellery parts
  • 2.6 Content of 11 metals in all jewelleries

Appendix B: Note on ”Heavy metal in precious metals jewelleries”

Appendix C: DST categorization of jewelleries

Appendix D: Amount of jewelleries on the market in Denmark

Appendix E: Banned azo-dyes

Appendix F: Aromatic amines

Appendix G: The requirements of the Toys Statutory Order on maximum release of heavy metals

Appendix H: Samples where duplicate determinations varied

Appendix I: Results from screening of textile necklaces

Appendix J: Results from the migration analysis calculated in relation to areal jewellery

Appendix K: Selected jewellery parts for migration test

Appendix L: Correlation between migration and content of metal

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Version 1.0 October 2008, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency