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Vurdering af naturlig nedbrydning af PCE i grundvandsmagasin ved isotopfraktionering

Referenceliste

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/6/ Bradley, P.M., og Chapelle, F.H., 1997. Kinetics of DCE and VC mineralization under methanogenic and Fe(III) reducing conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(9), 2692-2696.

/7/ Bradley, P.M., 2000. Microbial degradation of chloroethenes in groundwater systems. Hydrogeol. J., 8, 104-111.

/8/ Reitzel, L.A., 2005. Quantification of natural attenuation using analytical-chemical tools. Ph.D.-thesis. Environment and Resources. Technical Univer sity of Denmark. ISBN 87-89220-81-1.

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/10/ Meckenstock, R.U., Morash, B., Griebler, C., og Richnow, H.H., 2004. Stable isotope fractionation analysis as a tool to monitor biodegradation in contaminated aquifers. J. Contam. Hydrol., 75, 215-255.

/11/ Bouchard, D., Hunkeler, D., Höhener, P, Aravena, R., Broholm, M., Kjeldsen, P., (2005). Use of stable isotope analysis to assess biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone. Laboratory studies, field studies and mathematical simulations. In Nützmann, G., Viotti, P., Aagaard, P. (Eds). Reactive Transport in in Soil and Groundwater. Processes and Models. Springer. Berlin, 2005, 17-38.

/12/ Hunkeler, D., Chollet, N., Pittet, X., Aravena, R., Cherry, J.A., Parker, B.L., 2004. Effect of source variability and transport processes on carbon isotope ratios of TCE and PCE in two sandy aquifers. J. Contam. Hydrol., 74, 265-284.

/13/ Hunkeler, D., 2007. ”Isotope fractionation during transformation processes”. Kapitel 8 til bog med oversigt over berigelsesfaktorer for isotopfraktionering ved nedbrydning af chlorerede stoffer. Endnu ikke publiceret.

/14/ Hunkeler, D., Aravena, R., og Cox, E., 2002. Carbon isotopes as a tool to evaluate the origin and fate of vinyl chloride: Laboratory experiments and modelling of isotope evolution. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3378-3384.

/15/ Hunkeler, D., Aravena, R., og Butler, B.J., 1999. Monitoring microbial dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in groundwater using compound-specific stable isotope ratios: Microcosm and field studies. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2733-2738.

/16/ Lollar, B.S., Slater, G.F., Ahad, J., Sleep, B., Spivack, J., Brennan, M., og MacKenzie, P., 1999. Contrasting carbon isotope fractionation during biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene: Implications for intrinsic bioremediation. Organic Geochem., 30, 813-820.

/17/ Bloom, Y., Aravena, R., Hunkeler, D., Edwards, E., og Frape, S.K., 2000. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2768-2772.

/18/ Nijenhuis, I., Nikolausz, M, Köth, A., Felföldi, T., Weiß, H., Drangmeister, J., Grossmann, J., Kästner, M., og Richnow, H-H., 2007. Assessment of the natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in an anaerobic contaminated aquifer in the Bitterfeld/Wolfen area using stable isotope techniques, microcosm studies and molecular biomarkers. Chemosphere, 2, 300-311.

/19/ Nijenhuis, I., Andert, J., Beck, K., Kästner, M., Diekert, G., og Richnow, H-H., 2005. Stable isotope fractionation of tetrachloroethene during reductive dechlorination by Sulfurospirillum multivorans and Desulfitobacterium sp. Strain PCE-S and abiotic reactions with cyanocobalamin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(7), 3413-3419.

/20/ Slater, G.F., Sherwood Lollar, B., Sleep, B., og Edwards, E., 2001. Variability in carbon isotopic fractionation during biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes: implications for field applications. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 901-907.

/21/ Chu, K-H., Mahendra, S., Song, D.L., Conrad, M.E., og Alvarez-Cohen, L., 2004. Stable carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3126-3130.

/22/ Barth, J.A.C., Slater, G., Schuth, C., Bill, M., Downey, A., Larkin, M., og Kalin, R.M., 2002. Carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethene by Burkholderia cepaca G4: a tool to map degradation mechanisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(4), 1728-1734.

/23/ Brungard, K., Mandernack, K.W., Munakata-Marr, J., og Johnson, C., 1999. Fractionation of carbon isotopes during the degradation of dichloroethylene by methanothrophic bacteria. Abstract presented at: In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation, the 5^th international symposium, San Diego, CA.

/24/ Chartrand, M.M.G., Waller, A., Mattes, T.E., Elsner, M., Lacrampe-Couloume, G., Gosset, J.M., Edwards, E.A., og Lollar, B.S., 2005. Carbon isotopic fractionation during aerobic vinyl chloride degradation. Environ Sci. Technol., 39, 1064-1070.

/25/ Kirtland, B.C., Aelion, C.M., Stone, P.A., og Hunkeler, D., 2003. Isotopic and geochemical assessment of in situ biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Tech., 37, 4205-4212.

/26/ Slater, G.F., Lollar, B.S., Lesage, S., og Brown, S., 2003. Carbon isotope fractionation of PCE and TCE during dechlorination by vitamin B12. GWMR, 23(4), 59-67.

/27/ Dayan, H., Abrajano, T., Stuchio, N.C., og Winsor, L., 1999. Carbon isotopic fractionation during reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes by metallic iron. Organic geochem., 30, 755-763.

/28/ Schüth, C., Bill, M., Barth, J.A.C., Slater, G.F., og Kalin, R.M., 2003. Carbon isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of TCE in batch experiments with iron samples from reactive barriers. J. Contam. Hydrol., 66, 25-37.

/29/ Hunkeler, D., Aravena, R., Parker, B.L., Cherry, J.A., og Diao, X., 2003. Monitoring oxidation of chlorinated ethenes by permanganate in groundwater using stable isotopes: Laboratory and field studies. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(4), 798-804.

/30/ Poulson, S.R., og Naraoka, H., 2002. Carbon isotope fractionation during permanganate oxidation of chlorinated ethylenes (cDCE, TCE, PCE). Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3270-3274.

/31/ Hirschorn, S.K., Dinglasan, M.J., Elsner, M., Mancini, S.A., Lacrampe-Couloume, G., Edwards, E.A., og Lollar, B.S., 2004. Pathway dependent isotopic fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dichloroethane. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4775-4781.

/32/ Elsner, M., Haderlein, S.B., Kellerhals, T., Luzi, S., Zwank, L., Angst, W., og Schwarzenbach, R.P., 2004. Mechanisms and products of surface-mediated reductive dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride by Fe(II) on goethite. Environ. Sci. Tech. 38, 2058-2066.

/33/ Heraty,L.J., Fuller, M.E., Huang, L. Abrajano, T., og Sturchio, N.C., 1999. Isotope fractionation of carbon and chlorine by by microbial degradation of dichloromethane. Organic Geochem., 30, 793-799.

/34/ Nikolausz, M., Nijenhuis, I., Ziller, K., Richnow, H:H:, og Kästner, M., 2005. Stable carbon isotope fractionation during degradation of dichloromethane by methylothrophic bacteria. Environ. Microbiol., 8(1), 156-164(9).

/35/ Hunkeler, D., Aravena, R., og Cox, E., 2002. Assessment of degradation pathways at sites with complex contaminant mixtures using isotopes. In A.R. Gavaskar and A.S.C. Chen (Eds.), Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Monterey, CA. Batelle Press, Columbus, OH.

/36/ Griebler, C., Adrian, L., Meckenstock, R.U., og Richnow, H.H., 2004. Stable carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic and anaerobic transformation of trichlorobenzene. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 48, 313-321.

/37/ Hunkeler, D, og Aravena, R., 2000. Evidence of substantial carbon isotope fractionation among substrate, inorganic carbon, and biomass during aerobic mineralization of 1,2-dichloroethane by Xanthobacter autotrophicus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(11), 4870-4876.

/38/ Vieth, A., Kästner, M., Schirmer, M., Weiß, H., Gödeke, S., Meckenstock, R.U., og Richnow, H.H., 2005. Monitoring In Situ biodegradation of benzene and toluene by stable carbon isotope fractionation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24(1), 51-60.

/39/Morasch, B., Richnow, H.H., Vieth, A., Schink, B., og Meckenstock, R.U., 2004. Stable isotope fractionation caused by glycyl radical enzymes during bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(5), 2935-2940.

/40/ Morasch, B., Richnow, H.H., Schink, B., Vieth, A., og Meckenstock, R.U., 2002. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope fractionation during aerobic bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(10), 5191-5194.

/41/ Morasch, B., Richnow, H.H., Schink, B., og Meckenstock, R.U., 2001. Stable hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during microbial toluene degradation: Mechanistic and ebnironmental aspects. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(10), 4842-4849.

/42/ Hunkeler, D., Andersen, N., Aravena, R., Bernasconi, S.M., og Butler, B.J., 2001. Hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of benzene. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3462-3467.

/43/ Richnow, H.H., Annweiler, E., Michaelis, W., og Meckenstock, R.U., 2003. Microbial in situ degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a contaminated aquifer monitored by carbon isotope fractionation.  J. Contam. Hydrol., 65, 101-120.

/44/ Steinbach, A., Seifert, R., Annweiler, E., og Michaelis, W., 2004. Hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons – A field study. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 609-616.

/45/ Ahad, J., Lollar, B.S., Edwards, E.A., Slater, G.F., og Sleep, B.E., 2000. Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of toluene: implications for intrinsic bioremediation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 892-896.

/46/ Meckenstock, R.U., Morasch, B., Kästner, M, Vieth, A., og Richnow, H.H., 2002. Assessment of bacterial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment by analysis of stable carbon isotope fractionation. Water, Air and Soil Pollut.,2 , 141-152.

/47/ Peter, A., Steinbach, A., Liedl, R., Ptak, T., Michaelis, W., og Teutsch, G., 2004. Assessing microbial degradation of o-xylene at field-scale from the reduction in mass flow rate combined with compound-specific isotope analysis. J. Contam. Hydrol., 71, 127-154.

/48/ Riis, C.E., Mygind, M.M., Christensen, A.G., Olsen, F.H., og Hunkeler, D., 2005. Isotopfraktionering som beslutningsværktøj i moniteret naturlig nedbrydning af olieforurening. ATV Vintermøde om jord- og grundvandsforurening. Vingstedcentret, marts 2005.

/49/ Griebler, C., Safinovski, M., Vieth, A., Richnow, H.H., og Meckenstock, R.U., 2004. Combined application of stable isotope analysis and specific metabolites determination for assessing in situ degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a tager oil-contaminated aquifer. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 617-631.

/50/ Richnow, H.H., Meckenstock, R.U., Reitzel, L.A., Baun, A., Ledin, A., og Christensen, T.H., 2003. In situ biodegradation determined by carbon isotope fractionation of aromatic hydrocarbons in an anaerobic landfill leachate plume (Vejen, Denmark). J. Contam. Hydrol., 64, 59-72.

/51/ Somsamak, P., Richnow, H.H., og Häggblom, M.M., 2005. Carbon isotopic fractionation during anaerobic biotransformation of methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-amyl methyl ether. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 103-109.

/52/ Hunkeler, D., Butler, B.J., Aravena, R., og Barker, J.F., 2001. Monitoring biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) using compound-specifik carbon isotope analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 676-681.

/53/ Sturchio, N.C., Hatzinger, P.B., Arkins, M.D., Suh, C. og Heraty, L.J., 2003. Chlorine isotope fractionation during microbial reduction of perchlorate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3859-3863.

/54/ Ward, J.A.M., Ahad, J.M.E., Lacrampe-Couloume, G., Slater, G.F., Edwards, E.A., og Lollar, B.S., 2000. Hydrogen isotope fractionation during methanogenic degradation of toluene: Potential for direct verification of bioremediation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34,4577-4581.

/55/ Knöller, K., Vogt, C., Richnow, H.H., og Weise, S.M., 2006. Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation during benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene degradation by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3879-3885.

/56/ Van Breukelen, B.M., Hunkeler, D., og Volkering, F., 2005. Quantification of sequential chlorinated ethene degradation by use of a reactive transport model incorporating isotope fractionation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39,4189-4197.

/57/ Morrill, P.L., Sleep, B.E., Slater, G.F., Edwards, E.A., og Lollar, B.S., 2006. Evaluation of isotopic enrichment factors for the biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes using parameter estimation model: Toward an improved quantification of biodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3886-3892.

/58/ Elsner, M., Zwank, L., Hunkeler, D., og Schwarzenbach, R.P., 2005. A new concept linking observable stable isotope fractionation to transformation pathways of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(18), 6896-6916.

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