Emission of Volatile Oganic Compounds from Wood and Wood-Based Materials, Danish Environmental Protection Agency

[Front page]

Emission of Volatile Oganic Compounds from Wood and Wood-Based Materials

1. Project Partners

2. Project Organization

3. Wood-Based Products Standard Test Method for the Determination of VOC Emission

4. General Principles for Evaluation Based on Indoor-Relevant Time-Values

5. All Chemicals List and Project Specific List

6. Emissions from Wood and Wood-Based Materials - Results in Details

7. Evaluation of Single Substances

8. Evaluation - Survey of Results

9. Literature List

10. List of Synonyms

Appendix 1: Project Partners

Contact person and addresses of institutions involved in the project:

Annelise Larsen (Project coordinator)
Centre for Wood Technology
Danish Technological Institute
P.O. Box 141
DK-2630 Taastrup
Ph.: +45 43 50 42 38
Fax: +45 43 50 40 24

Lydia Frost
Centre for Environmental Technology
Danish Technological Institute
P.O. Box 141
DK-2630 Taastrup
Ph.: +45 43 50 46 23
Fax: +45 43 50 71 50

Mogens Kragh Hansen
Danish Painters Occupational Health Service
Hvidsværmervej 145
DK-2610 Rødovre
Ph.: +45 44 92 01 44
Fax: +45 44 92 26 44

Lilli Kirkeskov Jensen
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Skive Hospital
Resenvej 25
DK-7800 Skive
Ph.: +45 97 52 45 00
Fax: +45 97 51 04 55

Bodil B. Knudsen
Department of Dermatology
Gentofte University Hospital
Niels Andersensvej 65
DK-2900 Hellerup
Ph.: +45 39 77 32 08
Fax: +45 39 77 76 15

Lars Mølhave
Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
Aarhus University
Universitetsparken, Bldg.
DK-8000 Århus C
Ph.: +45 89 42 29 04
Fax: +45 89 42 29 70

Appendix 2: Project organization

The project has been carried out in collaboration between the project partners of the working group, see Appendix 1.

An advisory committee headed by Elisabeth Paludan, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, have supported with advice and guidance during the project. The members of the advisory committee represented:

Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Danish Working Environment Service
National Housing and Building Agency
The Association of Danish Woodworking Industries
The Association of Danish Paint and Varnish Industries
The Association of Danish Designers
Danish Furniture Retailers Organization
The Timber, Industry and Construction Worker's Union in Denmark.

Appendix 3:WoodBased Products Standard Test Method for the Determination of VOC Emission

Contents

0. Preface

1. Scope, Principle and Field of Applications
1.1 Scope and Principle
1.2 Field of Application

2. Normative and Informative References

3. Definitions and Abbreviations

4. Emission Testing
4.1 Sampling from Production
4.2 Preparation of Test Specimens
4.3 Conditioning of Test Specimens
4.4 Standard Test Conditions
4.5 Measurement Times
4.6 Chemical Analysis
4.6.1 Initial analyses, optional
4.6.2 Chemical Emission Testing
4.6.3 Result of Chemical Emission Testing
4.7 Evaluation of Result

0. Preface
This standard was coordinated internationally with the work in CEN/TC 264/WG7:"Indoor air quality - Emissions of chemical substances from building materials." Concerning wood-based products the content was coordinated with Nordic Wood research institutes.

1. Scope, Principle and Field of Applications

1.1 Scope and Principle

This standard specifies a general laboratory test procedure for the determination of the chemical emission of volatile organic compounds from wood-based products to the indoor air.

Test specimens (representing the product to be tested) with a known surface are placed in a test chamber with well defined and constant test conditions, including air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity parallel over the test specimen.

Gases and vapours emitted from the test specimen are mixed with the air in the test chamber. The air is analyzed by chemical analyses.

The measured emission of individual compounds are given as concentration (in test chamber) and emission rates. The emission can be converted into concentrations of individual compounds in the indoor air by use of a model room calculation.

The emission measurements are carried out under defined climate conditions in emission test chambers.

The test chamber in principle is given in Annex 1 of this standard. For further description of the chambers, chamber requirements, chamber materials etc. please refer to e.g. Ref.1.

1.2 Field of Application

The standards cover the following wood-based materials and products: boards, panels, floors and furniture including accessories and subsidiaries as they are delivered from the supplier/manufacturer.

The emission determined according to this standard can be used as documentation of emission from wood and wood-based materials and products to the indoor air.

2. Normative and Informative References

This standard is based on:

	Building products - Determination of volatile organic compounds - Emission test chamber method. Working drafts of CEN/TC 264/WG 7, Octobre 1995 - March 1997. (Ref. 1)
	Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Standard Test Method for Determination of Emission from Building Products. 1. edition, December 1994. (Ref. 2)
	DS-Information. Directions for the determination and evaluation of the emission from building products. DS/INF 90, 1. edition. 1994-03-22. (Ref. 3)
	Guideline of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Indoor Materials and Products using Small Chambers. COST project 613, WG 8, Report No 8, EUR 13593 EN, 1991.
	Nordtest, Building Materials: Emission of Volatile Compounds, Chamber Method. Nordtest Method, NT BUILD 358, Nordtest. Espoo 1990. (Ref. 4)
	Tirkkonen, Tiina et.al., Evaluation of Tenax TA absorbent as a collection medium for volatile organic compounds in indoor air and material emission measurements, including appendix 2: Sampling and Analysis Instructions, NKB, 1995.
	Trade Standard: Measurement of Chemical Emission from Flooring Materials. Swedish National Flooring Trade Association and Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. Stockholm 1992-09-03.
	Possanzini M. and DiPalo, V.: Determination of Olefinic Aldehydes and Other Volatile Carbonyls in Air Samples by DNPH-Coated Cartridges and HPLC, Chromatographia Vol 40, 134, No. 3/4, February 1995.
	Wood-based panels. Determination of formaldehyde release. Part 1: Formaldehyde release by chamber reference method. European Standard prEN 717-1, April 1996.

3. Definitions and Abbreviations

Air exchange rate n [h^-1]

The ratio of volume of clean air brought into the test chamber hourly and chamber volume measured in identical units.

Emission

Emission of gases and vapours from a material to the surrounding air.

Emission rate R [µg/(m²h) or mg/(m²h)]

The term is in this context used as the mass emitted per time unit and area unit.

Emission profile

Curve with the concentration as function of the time.

Headspace-analysis

A method primary to determine which gases are emitted from a material. The method is used prior to the testing or at the start of the testing to identify the compounds, which the specimen emits.

Indoor climate (indoor air quality)

The air including contaminants inside rooms for human beings e.g. residences, institutions and offices. In other contexts indoor climate is often used in a wider sense.

Loading factor [m²/m³]

The ratio of the surface area of the test specimen and the volume of the chamber.

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

The VOC´s are gases under normal indoor climate conditions. The VOC's can be divided into different chemical groups:

	Hydrocarbons, aliphates, terpenes (cycloalkenes), aromates
	Hydrocarbons, chlorinated
	Alcohols
	Aldehydes, ketones
	Carboxylic acids,
	Esters, glycols, glycol ethers and esters
	Other VOC's: amines, siloxanes, sulphur containing compounds, isocyanates

Standard room

A fictive model room used as the basis for general calculations of indoor air concentrations for comparison of measured material related concentration with acceptable concentrations of the indoor air. The dimensions of the room and the size of the exposed surface of different building products in the room are defined in this standard.

Test chamber

The chamber can be considerably smaller than general living rooms. The test chambers have controlled climate and shall fulfil a number of requirements.

4. Emission Testing

In the following test conditions and procedures on how to perform the test are given in brief. For further details please refer to e.g. Ref. 1 or Ref. 2.

Recovery studies shall include toluene and dodecane. A recovery of ³ 80% shall be guaranteed for each target compound.

4.1 Sampling from Production

The manufacturer and supplier sample the test specimen(s) directly from the production. The test specimen shall be representative for the production, the production time and the product.

The samples shall be marked with an unmistakable identification code. Solvent-based ink pens or other marking methods that may contribute with VOCs must not be used.

The specimen(s) shall be accompanied by a data sheet where the following data is to be registered:

Production week and other production data

	Manufacturer
	Packing week
	Product name
	No. of test specimens
	Size of test specimen
	Other observations which might influence the test result a.o. wood species, drying conditions, ageing/storing, moisture content, additives

Sampling from production of the individual wood products are stated below.

Boards

Minimum 2 boards are sampled from the production, as panels about 1 meter in length (in actual manufactured width and panel thickness) is cut from the middle of the board according to the sketch below. The panels are sealed airtight, e.g. in polyethylene foil and the sample is forwarded for testing.

Panels

Samples taken from the production are stacked and packed as panels are normally packed. The samples are forwarded for testing.

Floors

Samples are taken from the production stacked and packed as wood for floors are normally packed. The samples are forwarded for testing. Possible additives such as glue and varnish are delivered for testing in unbroken packing.

Furniture

Samples are sampled from the production and packed as normal prior to shipment.

The furniture is forwarded for testing.

4.2 Preparation of Test Specimens

The laboratory will adjust the test specimen area in relation to chamber volume in order to obtain the required load. A ratio of n/L = 1, where L = loading factor and n = air exchange rate is recommended.

For wood products, where the emission is expected to vary within the test pieces and from wood piece to wood piece, the following shall furthermore be registered when possible: Relative surface area of hardwood/sapwood and knots for the area of the individual test specimen which is exposed in the chamber.

Preparation of test specimens for the individual wood products are stated below.

Boards

Test specimen for emission testing will be sampled as shown on the sketch below.


		0,5 m

The edges of the test specimens are sealed airtight by use of low emitting aluminum tape.

Panels

Test specimens for emission testing are sampled from the middle of the package.

Floors

Test specimens for emission testing are sampled from the middle of the package.

When testing parquet floors the parquet rods and boards are joined together according to the guidelines of the manufacturer/supplier. Test specimens for emission testing are cut according to the sketch below:

As a principal rule wooden floors are tested including the glue recommended by the manufacturer. Type of glue, description, brand, application method, application time and amount etc. are stated. To obtain conditions as close as possible to reality between jointings and surface, the test specimens for testing are cut, so that the width of the parquet rods (shortest side) makes out the longest side of the test specimen.

Testing of a varnish for treatment of floors is generally based on testing of the varnish coated on a wooden substrate. The substrate, application method, applied amount, number of coats, intervals between coating etc. follow the guidelines given by the manufacturer/supplier.

Furniture

As a principal rule furniture is tested so complete as possible and the emission from all materials are measured during the same chamber exposure that means including additives e.g. lacquer and oils, accessories e.g. hinges.

If it is necessary to cut up a piece of furniture, then all the cut edges should be sealed airtight with aluminum tape or foil.

When sampling parts of furniture, the relative area between the individual materials/material compositions has to be the same as that of the furniture in full size.

A miniature piece of furniture can be tested joined together as one object or in several parts, as long as the testing takes place by the same chamber exposure. If a test specimen is tested in several parts, then normally adjacent areas are sealed prior to exposure.

Surfaces and edges which in practice are untreated are as a principal rule tested without sealing, while surfaces and edges which in practice are surface treated are tested with the actual surface treatment. In cases where it in practice is hard to perform the actual surface treatment e.g. a cut edge, the edge in question could be sealed with tape. In this case the edge area sealed with tape does not form part of the area calculation.

4.3 Conditioning of Test Specimens

The test procedure is initiated not later than 4 weeks after date of production. From the time the product is released from the manufacturer for sale to start of testing, the samples are stored in unbroken packing at the laboratory at normal room temperature. If the original packing is not air tight, the sample should be packed in emissionfree plastic, e.g. polyethylene foil.

If the samples have not been prepared immediately before the testing, they will be stored in emissionfree plastic at room temperature.

During the total conditioning period the test specimens kept at the standard test conditions, see part 4.4 Standard test conditions.

4.4 Standard Test Conditions

Standard test conditions:

	Relative humidity 45±5 % (alternatively 50±5 %)
	Air temperature 23±0.5°C

	Air velocity parallel over the middle of the test specimen 0.15±0.05 m/s
	Loading factor and air exchange rate ratio: n/L = 1.

4.5 Measurement Times

The time 0 is defined as the time when the packing is opened and the test specimen is placed in the test chamber.

Regarding products with an unknown emission profile the emission is determined over a period of at least 28 days with sampling in at least 3 periods after e.g.:

	3 days
	14 days
	28 days

Additional measurements should be agreed upon in the individual cases.

The mean between the starting and closing time of sampling is used as the measuring time. Measuring-intervals depend on kind of chamber and test conditions.

There are no universal calculation models for determination of the emission profile.

4.6 Chemical Analysis

4.6.1 Initial analyses, optional

Formulas, samples of materials/components etc. are given as supplementary information to the laboratory.

For unknown samples an initial qualitative headspace analysis could be carried out in order to determine the programme for analyses including selection of the gases and vapours, on which the evaluation is based.

The analysis programme is determined according to the detailed objective of the testing, considering as a minimum the following types of VOCs including:

	Aldehydes
	Amines
	Isocyanates
	Sulphur containing compounds

4.6.2 Chemical Emission Testing

Chemical emission measurements include as a minimum:

	Individual VOCs by use of Tenax and charcoal sampling tubes and gas chroma-tography
	Formaldehyde by acetylacetone-method, e.g. according to prEN 717-1
	Aldehydes by use of dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent tubes, acetonitrile extraction and liquid chromatography.

The detection-limit for individual VOCs should be aimed at approx. 1 µg/m³ (test chamber concentration). All individual VOCs in concentrations in the test chamber) over 5 µg/m³ and compounds selected for determination should be identified.

4.6.3 Result of Chemical Emission Testing

The measured emission of individual compounds are given as concentration (in test chamber) and emission rates.

The emission can be converted into concentrations of individual compounds in the indoor air by use of a model room calculation according to Ref. 2, Ref. 3 and Ref. 4.

A test report should as a minimum contain the points given in Annex 2.

4.7 Evaluation of Result

The reported results can be used in declarations. The results can e.g. be converted to time-values by comparing model room concentrations and threshold values for the individual compounds of concern.

ANNEX 1 LOOK HERE

Annex 2

A test report should as minimum contain the following:

Name and address of the testing laboratory
Unique identification number of the test report
Name and address of the assignor
Purpose of the test

Description and identification of the test objects, a.o.:

	Trade name
	Production no. and time of production
	Other identification marks of the test objects including composition, structure, colour
	Presented information in writing e.g. formula, data sheets for the product and raw materials of the product respectively

Date of unpacking
Date for receipt of the test objects.
Method of sampling.
Ageing and conditioning of test specimens.
Date for start and closing of the testing.
Description of test methods and test procedures.
Description of test chambers including type and test conditions.
Description of other equipment.
Any deviations from the test method

Measurements, assessments and concluded results a.o.:

	Documentation for selection of analysis programme
	Test conditions incl. measuring times
	Emission rate for examined individual compounds

Inaccuracy and uncertainty of the test results

Date and signature of the person who is technically responsible for the report.

Statement whether a result only relates to the examined specimen.

Appendix 4: General Principles for Evaluation Based on Indoor-Relevant Time-Values

This Appendix gives a description of an evaluation of emissions based on indoor-relevant time-values as used in the Indoor Climate Labelling concept, described by Danish Society of Indoor Climate, DSIC, for documentation and labelling of the influence from building products, furniture and other products used indoors.

The basis of the concept is an indoor-relevant time-value based on chemical measurements of primary source emission of VOC's and on sensory evaluation.

The documentation and labelling concerns the indoor air properties, which a new product is expected to have, when it is installed in the building. According to the DSIC the indoor-relevant time-value has to be accompanied by indoor related guidelines for storage, transportation, installation, use, cleaning, maintenance etc. in order to describe a possible impact of the product on the indoor air during the total period of use. The chemical measurements of the VOC emission is based on a determination of individual chemical substances. When the indoor-relevant time-value is determined from the chemical analyses a sensory evaluation of the acceptability and intensity of the air is carried out at the time corresponding to the time-value based on chemical testing. The sensory determination is used as a total and supplementary determination of the air quality.

However, within this project the evaluation has been restricted to source emission determined by chemical analyses besides informative sensory determination of three materials.

A summary of procedures for testing and evaluation carried out within this project are given below. The total concept is given in DSIC ref. 1-3.

C_si: Concentration of VOC_i in standard room
t(C_si): Indoor-relevant time-value
t(C_req): The maximum allowable time-value for labelling

The indoor-relevant time-value is defined as the time it takes to reach down on a defined acceptable concentration of the indoor climate in a standard room under standard conditions.

To phrase it popularly the indoor-relevant time-value is the time it takes from a product is installed till the emissions of all single substances are down at an acceptable concentration in the indoor air - based on odour and mucous irritation thresholds and standard room considerations. A declared time-value of, for example, 10 days means that the probability of the product to cause odour or to cause irritation in eyes, nose and upper respiratory passage is insignificant later than 10 days after installation of the product.

The result given as a single indoor-relevant time-value is determined by converting chamber concentrations measured by chemical analyses to concentrations in a standard room and compared with odour thresholds and mucous membrane irritation thresholds.

When generally accepted indoor air threshold values concerning carcinogenic and allergenic effects are defined, these health effects will be included.

Descriptions and calculations in more details are given below and in Atest method for determination of emission from building products" (DSIC1). Additional information on the technical background, assumptions, limitations and indoor comfort evaluation is given in (DSIC2), (DSIC3) and (DSIC4).

Principle in Determination of the Indoor-Relevant Time-Value

The determination of the indoor-relevant time-value of a product is based on the time, it takes the slowest emitting individual chemical substance with the lowest indoor-relevant odour or irritation threshold to reach half of this value in a fictive standard room (DSIC5) and (DSIC6).

The standard room used for general calculations of indoor air concentrations has a relatively large surface area compared to the room volume, see last part of "conversion of concentrations from test chamber to air in standard room".

In the example shown below, VOC2 showed to be the slowest emitting single substance, and to have an odour threshold value, which is lower than the irritation threhold value. The time-value corresponding to 50% of the threshold value based on VOC2 was found to be 28 days from the crossing of emission profile curve of VOC2 converted to standard room concentration and half of the odour threshold value line. The product was given a declared time-value of 30 days.

table LOOK HERE

Air quality comfort thresholds for more than 800 chemical substances as well as other physio-chemical parameters are given in the databank "VOCBASE" (DSIC4), which is the reference databank of the laboratories.

The odour often becomes the determining factor, as the odour thresholds generally are magnitudes lower than mucous membrane irritation thresholds and thresholds of more severe effects.

Determination of the Indoor-Relevant Time-Value based on Chemical Analyses

The determination of the indoor-relevant time-value includes the following steps:

	Result of chemical analysis of air from test chamber
	Conversion of concentrations from test chamber to air in standard room
	Calculation of indoor-relevant time-value based on chemical analyses

Result of Chemical Analysis of Air from Test Chamber

The calculation based on results from chemical analysis of air samples collected from the test chamber is carried out according to the following procedure.

The concentration changes all the time in the test chamber, also while the sampling takes place. The concentration, C_{ki, measured}, which is measured, is, therefore, an average value of the equilibrium concentration over the sampling time. The equilibrium concentration will in most cases change so little in time that it can be considered constant during usual sampling times, usually less than a couple of hours.

By repeated measurements the measured concentration should be given as function of the measuring time. The graduation of the axes should be adjusted to the size of the concentrations and to the size of the measuring times, the axes should start with zero.

The curve, which the points indicate, is the emission profile of the measured substance. The same test specimen may have different emission profiles for the different substances.

The concentration in the test chamber can not be compared directly with the acceptable concentration of the indoor air quality, therefore, the emission rate in the test chamber is defined in the formula below.

where:

R_ki is the emission rate in the test chamber for the compound "i", µg/(m²•h) or mg/(m²•h)

C_ki is the concentration in the test chamber of the compound "i", µg/m³ or mg/m³

n_k is the air exchange rate in the test chamber, h^-1

V_k is the volume of the test chamber, m³

A_k is the test specimen's exposed area in the test chamber, m²

The area divided by the volume is called the material loading.

Conversion of Concentrations from Test Chamber to Air in Standard Room

The concentration measured in the test chamber should be converted to a concentration in a fictive standard room representing the indoor air quality. It is assumed that the emission rate is the same in the test chamber as in the standard room, which implies that the test chambers used give completely uniform concentration conditions.

The emission rate in the standard room is defined below:

where:

R_si is the emission rate in the standard room for the compound "i", µg/(m²•h) or mg/(m²•h)

C_si is the concentration in the standard room of the compound "i", µg/m³ or mg/m³

n_s is the air exchange rate in the standard room, h^-1

V_s is the volume of the standard room, m³

A_s is the building material's exposed area in the standard room, m²

Furthermore, the definition is valid:

This approximately will to a great extent apply to e.g. most semi-hard materials

Accordingly, the concentration of the indoor air quality can be calculated according to the formula below:

In cases where the influence of the air temperature, the relative humidity or other factors on the emission (and thereby the concentration) are known, this influence can be included in the technical assessment.

Conversion of the results from the test chamber to indoor air quality is based on the following standard room and standard conditions (DSIC5):

Volume of the standard room:
17.4 m³

Exposed areas in the standard room, m²

Flooring material 7

Ceiling material 7

Wall coating 24

Door surface 2

Window frame 0.2

Sealants 0.2

Fixtures 4

Total 44.4 m²

When the conditions in the test chamber do not vary significantly from the requirements to the climate parametres of the standard room, the results can be used without correction.

All materials can have the same emission per m5.

Calculation of the Indoor-Relevant Time-Value Based on Chemical Analyses

The databank "VOCBASE", includes odour thresholds, OT, and irritation thresholds, IT, (DSIC4).

The acceptable concentration in the indoor air quality of one individual compound is 50% of the smallest of the values OT and IT. The acceptable concentration is calculated from the formula below:
C_Li= 0.5•min {OT,IT}_i

where

C_Li is the acceptable concentration of the indoor air qualityof the compound "i", µg/m³; or mg/m³;

OT is the odour threshold, µg/m³; or mg/m³;

IT is the irritation threshold, µg/m³; or mg/m³;

It is assumed that the irritative impact from more compounds at the same time is bigger than the irritative impact from an individual compound. When there are more compounds, which is often the case, the requirement to the concentration is made on the level of a sum of compounds and not on the level of one single compound, see the formula below. The sum formula does not apply in the case of odour.

The measured indoor-relevant time-value is given in whole days.

Evaluation of Sensory Determination

The sensory determination is used as a total and supplementary determination of the air quality. The sensory evaluation of the acceptability and intensity of the air is generally carried out at the time corresponding to the time-value based on chemical testing.

The sense of smell has receptors which are sensitive both qualitatively and quantitatively to a large number of chemical compounds. By determination the quality is referring to acceptability and the quantity is referring to the intensity.

The objective of the test is to make a sensory determination of the total emission from building products in a test chamber. The principle is that the building products in the test chamber are exposed in a constant climate corresponding to the climate in living rooms in buildings and that a representative number of test persons at specific times determine the exhaust air from the test chamber according to a given procedure.

The test chamber should be equipped with an odour diffuser allowing sensory evaluations by sniffing.

For determination an untrained panel consisting of approx. 20 persons is used. The composition of the persons in the panel should reflect the composition of persons in the society, especially, what concerns sex and smoking habits, which is assumed to influence the determination. It should be avoided to use persons, who have been working a in a strongly smelling environment. Furthermore, the persons should have the sense of smell and should not have a cold. There should be an equal distribution of sexes.

The panellists should be between 18 and 50 years of age and it should be noted whether the members of the panel are smokers or not. The persons in the panel must not emit disturbing smells and the person in charge of the test should control this. The persons must not eat nor smoke the last hour prior to the determination.

The panellists indicate their evaluations on two continuous scales regarding intensity and acceptability of the air compared to reference air:

An acceptability of "0" (just acceptable) and an odour intensity of "2" (moderate odour) can be used as the limits for acceptable air quality.

DSIC References:

Danish Indoor Climate Labelling. Standard Test Method for Determination of Emission from Building Products (in Danish). Danish Indoor Climate Labelling Association, 1.st edition December 1994.

Wolkoff, P. and Nielsen, P.A. Indoor Climate Labelling of Building Materials: The Experimental Approach for a Prototype, Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP 1287, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, pp. 331-349.

Wolkoff, P. and Nielsen, P.A. A New Approach for Indoor Climate Labelling of Building Materials - Emission Testing, Modelling and Comfort Evaluation Atmospheric Environments, Vol. 30, 1996. pp. 2679-2689.

Jensen, B. and Wolkoff, P. VOCBASE. Odour Thresholds, Mucous Membrane Irritation Thresholds and Physio-Chemical Parameters of Volatile Organic Compounds. Nat. Inst. Occup. Health. Denmark. 1996

Directions for the Determination and Evaluation of the Emission from Building Products. DS/INF 90 (in Danish). Danish Standards Association. Copenhagen 1994.

Nielsen, P.A., Jensen, L.K., Eng, K., Bastholm, P., Hugod, C., Husemoen, T., Mølhave, L. and Wolkoff, P.: Health-Related Evaluations of Building Products Based on Climate Chamber Tests, Indoor Air, Vol. 4, pp. 146-153, 1994.

Appendix 5: All Chemicals List and Project Specific List

List of Contents

All Chemicals List

Project Specific List

Appendix 5

All Chemicals List

The All Chemicals List covers substances with carcinogenic, reprotoxic, allergen or neurotoxic effects, which in principle could be expected to be emitted from wood and wood-based materials.

The all chemicals list refers to the following data:

Chemical identity:

CAS-number

Name of chemical substance

Type of chemical substance

Vapour pressure at 25ºC [VP mmHg], reference: Danish Environmental Protection Agency (file of calculated values, dated 1996.08.23).

Health and comfort effects:

Carcinogenicity [C].

References: Substances considered "carcinogenic" according to Lists on Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Working Environment in Denmark (see below).

Reproductive toxicity [R].

Reference: Reproductive toxicants in the work environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, AMI-report No.35/1991.

1L = considered a reproductive toxicant at low dose
1M = considered a reproductive toxicant at medium dose
1H = considered a reproductive toxicant at high dose
2M = considered a suspected reproductive toxicant at medium dose
2H = considered a suspected reproductive toxicant at high dose
3 = the chemical cannot be evaluated as to its reproductive toxicity.

Allergy [A].

Reference: Allergens in the working environment, National Insitute of Occupational Health, AMI-Report No. 33/1990.

L= Airway allergens

S= Contact allergens

Neurotoxicity [N].

Reference: Neurotoxic substances in the work environment, Danish Working

Environment Service, At-report Nr. 13/1990.

SRI-1 = Substances causing minor risks of health effects by accident and intensive exposure. Usual work with the substance does not cause any risk
SRI-2 = Substances causing minor risks of health effects by usual work
SRI-3 = Substances causing risk of health effects by usual work by skin contact and by respiration of spray haze
SRI-4 = Substances causing major risks of permanent and/or serious damages on the nervous system even by usual work with the substances
SRI-5 = Substances causing a major risk of unconsciousness, death or serious damages on the nervous system by usual work

Classification.

Reference: List of dangerous substances. Ministry of Environment and Energy. Order no. 69, February, 1996.

C Corrosive
E Explosive
F Highly flammable
Fx Extremely flammable
N Dangerous for the environment
O Oxidizing
T Toxic
XI Irritant
XN Harmful

Carc1 Carcinogenic Carc1 (Labelling: "Toxic")
Carc2 Carcinogenic Carc2 (Labelling: "Toxic")
Carc3 Carcinogenic Carc3 (Labelling: "Harmful")
Mut2 Mutagenic Mut2 (Labelling: "Toxic")
Mut3 Mutagenic Mut3 (Labelling: "Harmful")
Rep2 Substances toxic to reproduction Rep2:
- substances should be regarded as if they impair fertility in humans
- substances which should be regarded as if they cause developmental toxicity in humans.
R2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R7 May cause fire
R10 Flammable
R11 Highly flammable
R12 Extremely flammable
R19 May form explosive peroxides
R20 Harmful by inhalation
R21 Harmful in contact with skin
R22 Harmful if swallowed
R23 Toxic by inhalation
R24 Toxic in contact with skin
R25 Toxic if swallowed
R26 Very toxic by inhalation
R33 Danger of cumulative effects
R34 Causes burns
R36 Irritating to eyes
R37 Irritating to respiratory system
R38 Irritating to skin
R40 Possible risks of irrevesible effects
R41 Risk of serious damages to eyes
R42 May cause sensitization by inhalation
R43 May cause sensitization by skin contact
R45 May cause cancer
R46 May cause heritable genetic damage
R48 Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51 Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52 Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53 May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R59 Dangerous for the ozone layer
R60 May impair fertility
R61 May cause harm to the unborn child

Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment [TLV]. Reference: At-anvisning Nr. 3.1.0.2, 1994, and update December 1996.

C-values.

Reference: Industrial Air Pollution Control Guidelines, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 1992. Most values are obtained from file, dated 1996.11.21,

* indicates values obtained from an earlier file.

Appendix 5

Project Specific List

The Project Specific List covers substances quantified by the emission chamber measurements of the selected examples of wood and wood-based materials investigated in this project.

The product specific list refers to the following data:

Chemical identity:

CAS-number

Name of chemical substance

Type of chemical substance

Vapour pressure at 25ºC [VP mmHg], reference: Danish Environmental Protection Agency (file of calculated values, dated 1996.08.23).

Health and comfort effects:

Carcinogenicity [C].

References: Substances considered "carcinogenic" according to Lists on Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Working Environment in Denmark (see below).

Reproductive toxicity [R].

Reference: Reproductive toxicants in the work environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, AMI-report No.35/1991.

1M = considered a reproductive toxicant at medium dose
2M = considered a suspected reproductive toxicant at medium dose
2H = considered a suspected reproductive toxicant at high dose
3 = the chemical cannot be evaluated as to its reproductive toxicity.

Allergy [A].

Reference: Allergens in the working environment, National Insitute of Occupational Health, AMI-Report No. 33/1990.

L= Airway allergens
S= Contact allergens

Neurotoxicity [N].

Reference: Neurotoxic substances in the work environment, Danish Working Environment Service, At-report Nr. 13/1990.

SRI-1 = Substances causing minor risks of health effects by accident and intensive exposure. Usual work with the substance does not cause any risk

SRI-2 = Substances causing minor risks of health effects by usual work

SRI-3 = Substances causing risk of health effects by usual work by skin contact and by respiration of spray haze

SRI-4 = Substances causing major risks of permanent and/or serious damages on the nervous system even by usual work with the substances

SRI-5 = Substances causing a major risk of unconsciousness, death or serious damages on the nervous system by usual work

Classification.

Reference: List of dangerous substances. Ministry of Environment and

Energy. Order no. 69, February, 1996.

C : Corrosive

F : Highly flammable

Fx : Extremely flammable

T : Toxic

XI : Irritant

XN : Harmful

Carc3 Carcinogenic Carc3 (Labelling: "Harmful")

Rep2 Substances toxic to reproduction Rep2:

- Substances should be regarded as if they impair fertility in humans

- Substances which should be regarded as if they cause developmental toxicity in humans.

R10 : Flammable

R11 : Highly flammable

R12 : Extremely flammable

R20 : Harmful by inhalation

R21 : Harmful in contact with skin

R22 : Harmful if swallowed

R23 : Toxic by inhalation

R24 : Toxic in contact with skin

R25 : Toxic if swallowed

R26 : Very toxic by inhalation

R34 : Causes burns

R36 : Irritating to eyes

R37 : Irritating to respiratory system

R38 : Irritating to skin

R40 : Possible risks of irrevesible effects

R43 : May cause sensitization by skin contact

R60 : May impair fertility

R61 : May cause harm to the unborn child

Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment [TLV]. Reference: At-anvisning Nr. 3.1.0.2, 1994, and update December 1996.

C-values.

Reference: Industrial Air Pollution Control Guidelines, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 1992. Most values are obtained from file, dated 1996.11.21, * indicates values obtained from an earlier file.

Odour Threshold Values [Odour].

References: VOCBASE, AMI, 1996. * indicate values from Boholt.K. internal report for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency [*], 1992.

Irritation threshold values for the indoor air [Irritation threshold]

The irritation threshold is based on respiratory decrease in mice: RD50-values. Irritation threshold values of the indoor air take exposure 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and a safety factor of 10 to protect sensitive groups of population into account: 0.03/40xRD50. (Nielsen, G. D. and Peder Wolkoff, National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark, 1997).

Reference for RD50-values: VOCBASE, 1996.

Comfort and health effect of concern [LCI-EFF] covers:

C = Carcinogenicity

R = Reproductive toxicity

A = Allergy

N = Neurotoxicity

I = Irritation

[?] express doubts about a given effect.

The effects are based on hazard assessments. However considered the relative low concentrations of the chemical substances in the indoor environment the substances are characterizied by mainly irritative effects.

The background of the LCI-effects is given in Chapter 4 & 5 and Appendix 7.

Lowest Concentration of Interest in the indoor air [LCI Wood].

Background of LCI Wood values is given in Chapter 4 & 5 and Appendix 7.

Other abbreviations used:

[Un] Unknown

[nv] No value.

(#) n-Propylbenzene - 1,3,5 Trimethylbenzene.

Table - Look HERE

Appendix 6: Emissions from Wood and Wood-Based Products - Results in Details

Results in details cover emissions quantified from the 23 kinds of solid wood and wood-based materials and products investigated by chamber testing.

List of Contents

Description of test specimens

List of results in details

Chemical analyses

Sensory determinations

Test Specimens

The tested materials and products cover products of varying complexicity including solid wood, wood-based boards, veneered particleboards, oil-treated solid beech and lacquered veneered particleboards.

The test specimens are briefly described below:

Solid wood

Solid wood is generally sampled by the sawmill after drying in their usual production line and forwarded to the testing laboratory. Upon receipt at the laboratory the test specimens were sampled and sealed in emission free plastic. The materials were stored frozen in order to avoid growth of mould and fungi.

B1 Ash, Danish origin. Planks: 132 x 25 mm
Moisture content approx. 9% according to supplier's information.
Moisture content approx. 11.1% and 8.7% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

B2 Oak, German origin. Planks: 132 x 27 mm
Moisture content approx. 9% according to supplier's information.
Moisture content approx. 11.3% and 9.3% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

B3 Beech, Danish origin. Planks: 132 x 25 mmMoisture content approx. 9% according to supplier's information.
Moisture content approx. 13.8% and 9.3% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

B4 Spruce, south Scandinavian origin. Planks: 135 x 40 mm
Moisture content approx. 9% according to supplier's information.
Moisture content approx. 11.1% and 8.7% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

A13 Pine, Finnish origin. Heartwood share: approx. 84%
Moisture content approx. 17.0% and 10.4% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

A14 Pine, Finnish origin. Sapwood share: approx. 96%
Moisture content approx. 14.0% and 9.9% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

A15 Pine, Swedish origin. Heartwood share: approx. 67%
Moisture content approx. 15.9% and 9.6% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

A16 Pine, Swedish origin. Sapwood share: approx. 98%
Moisture content approx. 17.5% and 10.1% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

Wood-based Panels
Wood-based panels are sampled by the supplier. Upon receipt at the laboratory the test specimens were sampled and sealed in emission free plastic.

C6 Particleboard of pine and spruce, MelamineUreaPhenolFormaldehyde
(MUPF)-glue
Panels: 2000 x 1000 x 16 mm
Production week: 50, 1995. Receipt at laboratory week: 51, 1995.
Moisture content approx. 7.6% during chamber testing.

C7 Particleboard of pine and spruce, UreaFormaldehyde (UF)-glue
Panels: 2000 x 1000 x 16 mm
Production week: 50, 1995. Receipt at laboratory week: 51, 1995.
Moisture content approx. 6.7% and 7.4% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

D8 Particleboard of pine and spruce, PolyUrethane (PU)-glue
Panels: 2700 x 1000 x 16 mm
Production week: 51, 1995. Receipt at laboratory week: 1, 1996.
Moisture content approx. 6.1% and 7.0% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

D9 Birch Plywood, Phenol-glue
Panels: 2000 x 1000 x 15 mm
Production week: 4, 1996. Receipt at laboratory week: 5, 1996.
Moisture content approx. 9.3% and 8.7% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

D10 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) of conifer, UreaFormaldehyde (UF)-glue
Panels: 500 x 500 x 15 mm
Production week: 4, 1996. Receipt at laboratory week: 8, 1996.
Moisture content approx. 5.1% and 5.3% at start and end of chamber testing respectively.

D17 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) of conifer, Phenol-glue
Panels: 2440 x 1220 x 15 mm
Production week: 8, 1996. Receipt at laboratory week: 25, 1996.
Moisture content approx. 6.1% during chamber testing.
Veneered particleboards
Particleboard UF-glue (C7) was used as basis for gluing on a 0.6 mm beech-veneer.

C11 Beech-veneered particleboard, PolyVinylAcetate (PVA)-glue for gluing-on veneer
Panels: 500 x 500 x 16 mm
Moisture content approx. 8.1% and 7.8% at start and end of chamber
testing respectively.

C12 Beech-veneered particleboard, UreaFormaldehyde (UF)-glue for gluing-on veneer
Panels: 500 x 500 x 16 mm
Moisture content approx. 6.4% and 7.4% at start and end of chamber
testing respectively.
Oil-treated solid beech
Solid beech (B3) was used as basis for the oil-treatment.

F18 Urethane alkyd and linseed-oil based oil for floors on planed beech planks.
Application of oil according to supplier's information. Applied amount
approx. 80 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 10.0% at the end of chamber testing.

F19 Natural resin and linseed-oil based oil for floors on planed beech planks.
Application of oil according to suppliers information. Applied a
ount approx. 84 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 10.4% at the end of chamber testing.

Lacquered veneered particleboards
Beech-veneered particleboard glued with ureaformaldehyde-glue (C12) was used as basis for the surface coatings. The application and drying of lacquer were made by the paint and varnish manufacturer using industrial equipment and procedures.

E20 Nitrocellulose lacquer on beech-veneered particleboard.
Spray application of 1 ground- and 1 top-coat of nitrocellulose lacquer was carried out 4 weeks before start of chamber testing. Applied amount in total approx. 200 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 7.9% at the end of chamber testing.

E21 UV-curing lacquer on beech-veneered particleboard.
Roll application of 2 ground- and 1 top-coat of UV-curing lacquer was carried out 4 weeks before start of chamber testing. Applied amount in total approx. 38 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 7.9% at the end of chamber testing.

E22 Acid-curing lacquer on beech-veneered particleboard.
Spray application of 1 ground- and 1 top-coat of acid-curing lacquer was
carried out 4 weeks before start of chamber testing. Applied amount in total
approx. 200 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 7.7% at the end of chamber testing.

E23 Water-based acrylic lacquer on beech-veneered particleboard.
Spray application of 1 ground- and 1 top-coat of acrylic lacquer was
carried out 4 weeks before start of chamber testing. Applied amount in total
approx. 200 g/m².
Moisture content approx. 8.0% at the end of chamber testing.

F24 Polyurethane lacquer on beech-veneered particleboard.
Spray application of 1 ground- and 1 top-coat of polyurethane lacquer was carried out 4 weeks before start of chamber testing. Applied amount in total approx. 200 g/m².

Moisture content approx. 7.7% at the end of chamber testing.

Results in Details - Chemical Analyses

The lists of results in details refer to the following data:

Sample identification and description

The brief sample identifications and description refer to the test specimens described on the first pages of this Appendix.

Testing procedure

The chamber testing was carried out according to the test method given in Appendix 3.

The test chambers used were made of stainless steel and had a volume of 225 litres. The tests were carried out at the standard test conditions of 45±5% relative humidity, 23±0.5EC and at a loading factor (L) and air exchange rate (n) ratio: n/L = 1. Refer to Appendix 3 for additional information.
Qualitative Screening

The qualitative screening has been carried out by headspace analysis. The material to be examined was placed in a diffusion tight bag with a relatively low amount of clean air and heated to 120ºC for 1 hour. An air sample of 1 ml has been sampled with a gas tight syringe and analysed by head space capillary column gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS).

Experimental conditions:

GC:

Capillary column: 35 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm CP-Sil 8CB (5% phenyl methylsilicone)

Injection method: 1 ml split at 250ºC, split relation 1:5

Temperature programme: 0°C (1.0 min.), to 280ºC with 15EC/min.

Carrier gas: Helium, inlet pressure 5 psi

MS

Interface: 280ºC

Detection: Full scan m/z 25-400
Quantitative Analyses

The quantitative analyses have been carried out by collection of gases and vapours on adsorption tubes of charcoal and tenax and extracted by solvent desorption with carbon disulphide and dietyether respectively with isotop marked internal standard. The eluates were thereafter analyzed by GC-MS.

Experimental Conditions:

GC:

Capillary column: 50 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm CP-Sil 8CB

(5% phenyl methyl silicone)

MS:

Interface: 280ºC

Detection: Full scan m/z 25-350

Tenax Tubes:

Injection: 2 Fl splitless at 250ºC

Temperature 20ºC (3.0 min.), to 70ºC with 10ºC/min, to

programme: 300ºC with 20ºC/min, kept 5.0 min.

Carrier gas: Helium, constant flow 1.2 mil/min (3.1 psi at 20°C)
Coal Tubes:

Injection: 2 Fl splitless at 250°C

Temperature 20ºC (3.0 min.), to 70ºC with 10ºC/min, to

programme: 300ºC with 20ºC/min, kept 5.0 min.

Carrier gas: Helium, inlet pressure 5 psi

Chemical identity of quantified substances

The chemical identity is given by name of chemical substance, type of chemical substance and CAS-number.

Emission results in detail

All individual chemical substances quantified are included in the lists.

The measured "Emission rate" and the "Calculated Standard Room Concentration" are given to each of the 3 measurement times: 3-4 days, 9-11 days and 27-28 days respectively.

The standard room concentration was calculated for the area-interval 0.1 m² till 38 m² in a standard room with a volume of 17.4 m³, covering a material-load interval from 0.006 to 2.2 m²/m³, to obtain a basis for toxicological considerations. It should, however, be noted that most of the tested materials and products are not commonly used over this large interval. Common material-load for untreated solid wood of ash, beech and oak; untreated wood-based panels; uncoated veneered wood-based panels and oil-treated solid wood for floors are approx. 0.4 m²/m³ or less.

A load of 2.2 m²/m³ can be seen for materials covering all surfaces of a room e.g. untreated solid wood of pine and spruce and for lacquered surfaces.
Calculation of Emissions

The principles for conversion of concentrations from test chamber to standard room are gone through in Appendix 4-5, page 5. This results in:

and

At chamber conditions with a material load L_k = 1 m²/m³ and an air exchange rate n_k = 1 h^-1 the test chamber concentration is equal to the emission rates in the test chamber: C_ki = R_ki ±

The concentration in the standard room can be calculated from:

For A_s = 0.1 m² in V_s = 17.42 m³ standard room at an air exchange rate of

n_s = 0.5 h^-1:

For A_s = 38 m² in V_s = 17.42 m³ standard room at an air exchange rate of

n_s = 0.5 h^-1:

Method of analyses:

SD-GCMS = Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric detection.

SD indicates solvent desorption. Tenax and charcoal respectively indicate the collection media used.

DNPH-HPLC = High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for aldehydes by use of DiNitroPhenylHydrazine reagent tubes and acetonitrile extraction.

Acetylacetone-method = A photometric method for determination of especially formaldehyde based on Hartzsch reaction in which formaldehyde reacts with ammonium ions and acetylacetone. Determination by the acetylacetone-method is in accordance with the analytic procedure given in e.g. prEN 717-1:"Wood-based panels. Determination of formaldehyde release. Part.1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method".

LCI-values

Lowest Concentration of Interest in the indoor air is estimated for each emitted chemical substance. The background for the LCI-values is given in Chapter 4 and 5 on principles for evaluation of the health and sensory effects of VOC emission from wood and wood-based products and in Appendix 7 on evalua-tion of single substances.

Odour threshold

Odour threshold refers to odour threshold values given in the air quality databank, VOCBASE, 1996.

The results of the chemical analyses, expressed in emission rates [µg/m²h] and calculated standard room concentrations of the individual chemical substances emitted, are given in the diagrams on the following pages.

The test results of the sensory determinations are given on the last pages of this Appendix.

Results in Details. Sensory Determinations

Directory sensory testing of odour perception has been carried out for spruce, beech veneered particleboard with by polyvinyl acetate glue and UV-curing lacquer on beech veneered particleboard by chamber testing (Danish Society of Indoor Climate. "Standard Test Method for Determination of Emission from Building Products" 1994) in Climpaq-chamber with odour funnel diffuser allowing sensory evaluation by sniffing, see Appendix 4, part on "Evaluation of sensory determination".

The determination was carried out to the time-value 1 day and with approx. 0.9 m² material load corresponding to approx. 0.12 m²/ m; converted to the standard room of 17.4 m³ (Danish Standard, DS/INF 90, 1994).

Sensory determination - Individual panel evaluation

Spruce

Beech veneered particleboard with PVA-glue

UV-curing lacquer on beech veneered particleboard

Accepta-
bility

Inten-
sity
Accepta-

bility

Inten-
sity
Accepta-

bility

Inten-
sity

1.0

0.1

0.4

1.3

0.7

0.9

0.3

1.5

0.3

2.4

0.0

2.4

0.8

1.1

0.6

1.3

0.0

2.1

0.9

0.6

-0.1

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.0

1.2

0.1

2.3

1.0

0.6

0.8

1.3

-0.5

3.0

0.2

0.9

0.9

0.2

0.8

1.1

0.8

1.8

0.5

2.0

0.6

1.5

-1.0

4.0

0.9

0.1

0.8

0.5

0.0

3.1

0.3

2.1

0.4

1.9

0.9

0.5

0.3

2.2

0.5

2.0

-0.5

2.6

-0.2

1.9

0.1

1.8

1.0

0.1

0.8

1.0

-0.3

3.2

0.8

1.1

0.2

1.8

0.1

2.0

1.0

1.1

0.5

1.3

-0.1

3.0

0.7

0.9

-0.9

1.7

0.6

1.1

0.5

1.8

0.9

0.2

0.2

1.7

0.8

0.5

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.8

-0.3

1.3

0.3

1.3

0.7

0.7

0.5

1.8

0.2

1.9

0.9

0.3

next table LOOK HERE

Results of sensory determination expressed as median and average.

Appendix 7: Evaluation of single substances

ACIDS
Butanoic acid
Pentanoic acid

ALCOHOLS
Aliphatic alcohols
1-Butanol
1-Heptanol
2-Methyl-1-propanol
1-Octen-3-ol
1-Pentanol
3-Pentanol
Aromatic alcohols
Benzyl alcohol
Phenol

ALDEHYDES
Saturated aldehydes
Acetaldehyde
Butanal
Decanal
Formaldehyde
Heptanal
Hexanal
Nonanal
Octanal
Pentanal
Propanal
Unsaturated aldehydes
Acrolein
Benzaldehyde
2-Decenal
Furfural
2-Heptenal
2-Nonenal
2-Octenal
2-Pentenal
2-Undecenal

ESTERS
Benzyl acetate
Butyl acetate
Butyl butyrate
2-Ethylhexyl acetate
Heptyl acetate
Heptyl formate
Isobutyl acetate
Pentyl formate

GLYCOLS, -ETHERS, -ESTERS
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-ethanol
Butoxy propanol
Butoxy propyl acetate
2-Ethoxy-ethyl acetate
2-Ethoxy hexyl acetate
Methoxy propyl acetate
Propylene glycol acetate and propylene glycol diacetate
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-monoisobutyrate

HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Aromatic hydrocarbons
C₂-Alkylbenzenes
Ethylbenzene
Xylenes
C₃-Alkylbenzenes
Isopropylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
Trimethylbenzenes
C₄-Alkylbenzenes

KETONES
Acetone
Ô-Butyrolactone
Cyclohexanone
2,9-Decane dione
Ethyl vinyl ketone
2-Heptanone
3-Heptanone
2-Nonanone
2-Octanone
4-Octene-3-one

TERPENES
Camphene
2-Carene
3-Carene
Limonene
ß-Myrcene
a-Phellandrene
a-Pinene
ß-Pinene
a-Terpinene
y-Terpinene
Terpene alchohols and ketones
4-Terpineol
a-Terpineol
Verbenone
Terpene epoxides
Limonene oxide

OTHERS
Acetals
Formaldehyde butyl isobutylacetal
Formaldehyde dibutylacetal
Formaldehyde diisobutylacetal
Epoxides
Pentyl oxirane
Nitriles
2,2'-Azobis-isobutyronitrile

REFERENCES

ACIDS

In general:

Organic acids cover a wide range of substances with a variety in the chemical structure. Organic acids are primary irritant and some cause severe tissue damage similar to those seen with strong mineral acids.

Butanoic acid CAS. no. 107-92-6

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 2940 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 530 mg/kg

Severely irritant to eyes and skin in experimental animals.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.78 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.015 mg/m3; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.78 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.

Pentanoic acid CAS. no. 109-52-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, mouse: 600 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhalation, mouse: 4100 mg/m³/h

Corrosive to eyes, skin and mucous membranes in experimental animals.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.02 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.78 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value is assumed analogical to Butanoic acid.

ALCOHOLS

In general:

Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by rather low acute toxicity in single-dose oral toxicity experiments.

Repeated or prolonged exposure to alcohols may lead to depression of the central nervous system (narcotic action).

Alcohol vapours are characterized by their irritative properties in particular to the eyes but also to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.

In view of the widespread industrial use reports of severe adverse effects on humans are relatively few.

Aliphatic alcohols

1-Butanol CAS. no.. 71-36-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, mouse: 5200 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 3400 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhalation, rat: 24,000 mg/m³;

Chronic toxicity Inhalation study in rats for 4 months at concentrations of 0.8, 6.6 and 40 mg/m³; showed, already after 30 days, effects on the central nervous system e.g. decrease in hexobarbital sleeping time and increase in reflex activity. Furthermore, other signs of toxicity were noted, e.g. increase in thyroid activity, increase in cholinesterase levels, dilatations of vessels and pulmonary edema.

Inhalation study in mice of 4 months' duration at a concentration 0.8, 6.6 and 40 mg/m³ showed already after 30 days an increase in reflex activity.

Human health effects: Inhalation: The primary effects of exposure to vapours for short periods have varying degrees of irritation of the mucous membranes and central nervous system depression.

Vapour concentration of above 75 mg/m³ produced mild irritation of nose, throat and eyes. At a vapour concentration of 150 mg/m³ effects were more pronounced and associated with headache.

A 10-year study on workers indicated that systemic intoxication was unlikely when exposure was kept below 300 mg/m³, whereas slight headache, vertigo and drowsiness were noted. In some cases dermatitis on fingers or hands was seen.

Skin contact: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may produce dermatitis due to defatting action.

Eye contact: Irritation. Some people develop corneal inflammation associated with burning sensation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 8.9 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.09 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.2 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and corresponds to the C-value.

1-Heptanol CAS. no. 111-70-6

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 3250 mg/kg

LD₅₀ oral, mouse: 1500 mg/kg

LD₅₀ oral, rabbit: 750 mg/kg

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.36 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.12 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and neurotoxicity and corresponds to the C-value.

2-Methyl-1-propanol CAS. no. 78-83-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 2400 mg/kg

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects Inhalation: Exposure to high concentration vapours caused vertigo, nausea, vomiting and headache with effects on hearing.

Skin contact: When applied for 15 minutes on hands of volunteers only slight irritation was seen. Causes defatting and dehydration on the skin.

Eye contact: Irritation, blurred vision and transient corneal va-cuoli zation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 4.2 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 2.6 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.4 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and neurotoxicity and corresponds to the C-value.

1-Octen-3-ol CAS. no. 3391-86-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 340 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin, rabbit: 3300 mg/kg

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.016 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.016 mg/m3;

Justification: The LCI-value corresponds to the odour threshold value.

1-Pentanol CAS. no. 71-41-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 3030 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 14,000 mg/m³/6 hr

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Irritation of the nose and throat, headache, dizziness and drowsiness.

Skin contact: Irritation. Prolonged skin contact may result in skin defatting and cracking.

Eye contact: Stinging sensation and lachrymation. Furthermore, blurred vision and a burning sensation which may last for several days.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 4.3 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.02 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 4.3 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers sensory irritation.

3-Pentanol CAS. no. 584-02-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1870 mg/kg

Significant percutaneous absorption in experimental animals.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Irritation of nose and throat, headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Burning sensation of the eyes.

Skin contact: Irritation. Prolonged exposure may result in skin defatting and cracking.

Eye contact: Stinging sensation and lachrymation. Furthermore, blurred vision and a burning sensation which may last for several days. Irritation from exposure to high concentrations.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 4.3 mg/m³ for 1-pentanol. Although no data were available the expected sensory irritation may be of the same magnitude.

Odour Odour threshold value is not reported (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 4.3 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI is based on an assumption that the sensory irritation of 3-pentanol is comparable to those of 1-pentanol.

Aromatic alcohols

Benzyl alcohol CAS. no. 100-51-6

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1230 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhalation, rat: 4420 mg/m³/8 hr

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Vapours containing high concentrations of benzyl al-cohol together with several impurities e.g. benzene, cause temporary he adache, vertigo nausea and loss of weight. Benzyl alcohol affects the central nervous system, in serious cases it may cause unconsciousness.

Skin contact: Irritation.

Eye contact: Irritation.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 25 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and neurotoxicity and corresponds to the C-value.

Phenol CAS. no. 108-95-2

Subacute toxicity Rats exposed to vapours at a concentration of 100 mg/m³ for 15 days showed excitement, twitching and depression.

Dermal exposure of rabbits (dose of 250 mg/kg, 5 hours per day in 18 days) produced tremor, skin hyperaemia and hyperkeratosis.

Chronic toxicity Inhalation study in rats for 3 months, at a concentration of 5 mg/m³.
Toxic effects including damage of the liver function and chronaxie (increased nerve sensitivity to stimulation) were seen.

Human health effects

Inhalation: Phenol is a general poison with symptoms developing rapidly after 15-20 minutes. Liver and kidney damage after systemic absorption and a serious risk of unconsciousness, death or serious damage of the central nervous system. As symptoms from the central nervous system headache, dizziness, visual disturbances and weakness were seen.

Intermitted exposure to vapour at a concentration of 185 mg/m3; results in a marked nose and throat irritation.

Skin contact: Severe skin burns. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis and darkening of skin. Exposure of eczematous skin to a solution of 2.5% phenol can cause coma within a few minutes. After prolonged exposure to a solution of low phenol concentration skin eruptions, nervous disorders and digestive disturbances were reported. Furthermore, fatalities were reported due to extensive liver and kidney damage.

Eye contact: Marked irritation. Concentrated solutions cause severe irritation, and in some cases loss of vision was reported.

There is no evidence that phenol acts as mutagen or specific carcinogen when humans are exposed to low concentrations.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.49 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.43 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.020 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and corresponds to the C-value.

ALDEHYDES

In general:

Aldehydes are volatile organic compounds characterized by their irritative properties. Aldehydes irritate skin, eyes and the upper respiratory system. Especially lower aliphatic aldehydes and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes are irritant.

Minor amounts of aldehydes are quickly oxidized in the body to organic acids while they do not accumulate.

Saturated aldehydes

Acetaldehyde CAS. no. 75-07-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1930 mg/kg. LD_lo, inhalation, rat: 7,200 mg/m³/4h.

LC₅₀ inhalation, rat: 36,000 mg/m3;/30 min

Application of acetaldehyde in hamster eyes results in eye injury, lacrimation and photophobia.

Chronic toxicity Acetaldehyde causes genetic damage to somatic cells in vivo.
Increased incidence of tumours has been observed in inhalation studies on rats and hamsters exposed. In both animal species a tissue damage of the respiratory tract was seen. In rats, a dose-related increase in nasal adenocarcinomas and squamous cells carcinomas at doses of 1350 mg/m³ and greater were reported.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Vapour at a concentration of 45 mg/m³ did not induce any toxicological effects as shown in a study in volunteers whereas exposure vapours of 90 mg/m³ caused a minor eye irritation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 5.2 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Skin contact: Repeated exposure may cause dermatitis and conjunctivitis.

Eye contact: Industrial exposure to the vapours results in irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, headache and sore throat. Vapours at a higher concentration and extended exposure may injure the corneal epithelium, causing persistent lachrymation, photophobia and body sensation.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.34 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 5.2 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.

Butanal CAS. no. 123-72-8

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 2940 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 530 mg/kg

Severe eye irritant and moderate to severe skin irritant in rabbits.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 2.8 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.028 mg/m3; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.8 mg/m³;

Justification: The LCI-value refers sensory irritation.

Decanal CAS. no. 112-31-2

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 3730 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 5040 mg/kg

Severe skin irritant in laboratory animals.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.
Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.006 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the sensory irritation of saturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of pentanal.

Formaldehyde CAS. no. 50-00-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 800 mg/kg

LD₅₀ inhalation, rat: 590 mg/m³

TC_lo inhalation, man: 300 µg/m³ (effects on nose and CNS)

Chronic toxicity Formaldehyde in a long-term inhalation study carried out in rats causes squamous metaplasia of the nasal mucosa in two-third of the exposed animals. In one-third of animals, tumours of nasal cavity, mainly squamous-cell carcinoma were seen.

Human health effects: Inhalation: Exposure to vapours of low concentrations causes irritation of the respiratory tract, limited to upper respiratory airways only. Vapour concentrations of approximately 2.4 mg/m3; cause slight formication of the nose and pharynx.

At a higher concentration discomfort rapidly increases and lacrimation, olfactory changes, aggression and pulmonary changes were reported.

Asthmatic symptoms may occur due to allergic sensitivity, even at low concentrations as well as urticaria.

Skin contact: Sensitization, leading to allergic contact dermatitis is frequent.

Eye contact: Vapours at a concentration of 2.4 mg/m³ cause slight formication, at higher concentrations burning of the eyes and severe lachrymation. Eye irritation is reported from at vapour concentrations from 0.6 to 0.06 mg/m³.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.0038 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

The World Health Organization has reassessed formaldehyde in 1996 and concluded: "The lowest concentration which has been associated with nose and throat irritation in humans after short-term exposure is 0.1 mg/m3;, although some individuals can sense the presence of formaldehyde at lower concentrations. To prevent significant sensory irritation in the general population, an air quality guideline value of 0.1 mg/m³ as a 30 minute average is recommended. Since this guideline value of (0.1 mg/m³) is over one order of magnitude lower than a presumed threshold for cytotoxic damage to the nasal mucosa, this guideline value presents an exposure level at which there is negligible risk of upper respiratory tract cancer in humans." Larsen, J.C., Inst. for Toxicology, National Food Agency of Denmark, (Personal information), April 1997. Mølhave, L., Inst. of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University (Personal information).

The International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC, has assessed the carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde and classified it as probably carcinogenic to humans (allocated to group 2A) on basis of certain evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals and limited evidence for humans. Cytotoxicity is considered to play an significant essential role in the carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde, and there is some genetic changes in the nasal mucosa of humans exposed to concentrations lower than 0.1 mg/m3;. It is, therefore, probable that the concentration by lifelong exposure should be under 0.1 mg/m³ as a yearly average to take adequate account for the carcinogenic effect.

The Danish Building Code contains requirements concerning formaldehyde emission from wood-based panels to secure that the formaldehyde concentration in the indoor air at realistic conditions for use does not exceed 0.15 mg/m³. (Building Code 1995, Ch. 11.3.2).

The Statutory Order from the Ministry of Environment, No. 289 of June 22, 1983, contains requirements concerning particle boards, plywood and similar panels for use in furniture, fixture and similar. These panels are only to be used if the equilibrium concentration of formaldehyde determined by chamber testing does not exceed the 0.15 mg/m³ air. It should be noted that the requirements are given to the panels and not to the finished furniture in total and that the test conditions (material load and air exchange rate) corresponding to requirements in the Danish Building Code and statutory order from the Ministry of the Environment are different, and thus the results cannot be compared directly.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 1.1 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value of 0.1 mg/m³; refers to the 1996 evaluation for WHO Air Quality Guidelines.

Heptanal CAS. no. 111-71-7

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 14 g/kg

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold is reported to be 0.023 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the sensory irritation of saturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of pentanal.

Hexanal CAS. no. 66-25-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 4890 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 8195 mg/m³/4 hr (effects not given)

An irritant to skin and eyes of laboratory animals.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects: RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 3.4 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.058 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.4 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.

Nonanal CAS. no. 124-19-6

Acute toxicity Severe skin irritant.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.
Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.014 mg/m3; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the sensory irritation of saturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of pentanal.

Octanal CAS. no. 124-13-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 4622 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 5213 mg/kg

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.007 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the sensory irritation of saturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of pentanal.

Pentanal CAS. no. 110-62-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 3200 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 6000 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 14,000 mg/m³;

Moderate skin irritant and severe eye irritant in rabbits.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects: RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 3.1 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.022 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 3.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.

Propanal CAS. no. 123-38-6

Acute toxicity LD_lo oral, rat: 800 mg/kg

LD_lo dermal, rabbit: 3400 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat : 464,000 mg/m³;

A skin irritant and severe eye irritant.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects: RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 4.3 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.014 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 4.3 mg/m³;

Justification: The LCI-value refers sensory irritation.

Unsaturated aldehydes

Acrolein CAS. no. 107-02-8

Acute toxicity LDLo oral, man: 10 mg/kg

TCLo inhalation, man: 2.3 mg/m³(irritation)

Chronic toxicity No long-term studies in rats and mice were carried out. A one year study in hamsters did not show an increased tumour incidence. Acrolein is genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo test systems.

Human health Inhalation: Exposure to vapour at a concentration of 2.3 mg/m³effects causes lachrymation and marked eye, nose and throat irritation within 5 minutes. Severe pulmonary irritant and a higher concentration causes injury to lungs. Respiratory insufficiency may persist for at least 18 months. Delayed hypersensitivity was reported with a multiple organ involvement.

Considered a reproductive toxicant at high doses.

Skin contact: Corrosive.

Eye contact: Burning sensation in the eyes at low concentration vapours. Vapours violently irritant and lachrymation at high concentrations.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.003 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.410 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.003 mg/m³;

Justification: The LCI-value refer to sensory irritation

Benzaldehyde CAS. no. 100-52-7

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1300 mg/kg

Moderate skin and eye irritant.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Workers chronically exposed to the vapours complained of headache, fatigue, itching of the throat, lachrymation, loss of sense of taste, numbness of the tongue and tremor. Symptoms usually disappeared rapidly after removal from the exposure.

Skin contact: Moderate skin irritant and skin sensitizer. Repeated exposure may cause irritant as well as allergic contact dermatitis.

Eye contact: Moderate eye irritation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 1.2 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.190 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.2 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.
2-Decenal CAS. no. 2497-25-8, cis-2-Decenal CAS no. ?, trans-2-Decenal CAS no. 3913-81-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 5000 mg/kg

LD₅₀ dermal, rabbit: 3400 mg/kg

Application of 500 mg/24h results in severe skin irritation.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.001 mg/m3; for cis-2-decenal and 0.002 mg/m³ for trans-2-decenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.

Furfural CAS. no. 98-01-1

Acute Toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 65 mg/kg

Acute toxicity by inhalation in various laboratory animal species was moderate to high. Inhalation caused effects on several sites including liver, lungs, forestomach, kidney and the central nervous system. Inhalation caused nasal damage in hamsters.

Acute toxicity by the dermal route in rabbits was moderate. Furfural was irritant to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs and caused damage to the eyes of rabbits.

Chronic toxicity In oral long-term feeding studies in rats and in mice furfural gave evidence of liver, carcinogenicity, namely increased incidence of hepatochamberular adenomas and hepatocelular carcinomas. Furfural caused chromosome abnormalities in mice treated orally and in mammalian chambers in culture. Furfural was mutagenic in the mammalian chamber system, bacteria system and in the fruit fly.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Irritation and sensitization of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract.

Chronic exposure to the vapours may develop headache, fatigue, itching of the throat, lachrymation, loss of the sense of taste, numbness of the tongue and tremor. Symptoms disappear rapidly after removal from exposure. Workers exposed to concentrations of 7.5-53 mg/m³;for an indefinite period of time develop throat irritation and headache.

Skin contact: Sensitization, leading to allergic contact dermatitis and photosensitivity have been described.

Eye contact: Vapours at a concentration of approximately 50 mg/m3; or lower were reported to cause reddening of human eyes, tearing and irritation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 0.78 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.25 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation and corresponds to the C-value.

2-Heptenal CAS. no. 2463-63-0, cis-2-Heptenal CAS. no. 57266-86-1,

trans-2-Heptenal CAS. no.18829-55-5

Toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.028 mg/m³for cis-2-heptenal and 0.063 mg/m³for trans-2-heptenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.

2-Nonenal CAS. no. 2463-33-8, cis-2-Nonenal CAS no. 60784-31-8, trans-2- Nonenal CAS. no. 18829-56-6,

Toxicity No toxicological information available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.00001 mg/m³for cis-2-nonenal and 0.001 mg/m³for trans-2-nonenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.
2-Octenal CAS. no. 2363-89-5, cis-2-Octenal CAS no. 20664-46-4, trans-2-octenal CAS.no. 2548-87-0

Toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.004 mg/m³for cis-2-octenal and 0.011 mg/m³for trans-2-octenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.

2-Pentenal CAS. no. ?, trans-2-Pentenal CAS.no. 1576-87-0

Toxicity No toxicological information available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.69 mg/m³for trans-2-pentenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.

2-Undecenal CAS. no. 2463-77-6, cis-2-Undecenal CAS no. ?, trans-2-

Undecenal Cas. no. 53448-07-0

Toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold is reported to be 0.012 mg/m³for cis-2-undecenal and 0.005 mg/m³;for trans-2-undecenal (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI The LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to the assumed irritation and allergy effects of unsaturated aldehydes and corresponds to the value of furfural.

ESTERS

Benzyl acetate. CAS. no. 140-11-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 2500 mg/kg and 830 mg/kg in mice.

Inhalation, mice: 1300 mg/m³(7-13 h) resulted in dyspnea, narcosis and death. Cats: 1103 mg/m³;(8-9 h, 7 days) caused irritation, gradual weakness, loss of appetite and weight and drowsiness.

Chronic toxicity Gavage administration induces acinar cell adenomas in the pancreas of male rats. Benzyl acetate has been reviewed by IARC and in 1986 classified as Group 3 and by EPA, NTP Carcinogenesis Studies in 1986 (gavage): 'some evidence in mouse and rat' and in 1993 (feed): 'no evidence in mouse and rat'. In several in vitro and in vivo assays benzyl acetate was not mutagenic.

Human health effects:

The compound is described as moderate toxic. When ingested it can cause general intestinal irritation, and it also makes irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory system. Slight throat irritation has been reported at 1000 mg/m³ and nose irritation at 497 mg/m³.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.91 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.1 mg/m³.

Justification: The LCI is based on an inhalation study on cats, where 1103 mg/m³ caused irritative and other effects.

LCI = 'LOEL'/ SF^I x SF ^II x SF^III = 1103/10 x 10 x 10 mg/m³= 1.1 mg/m³

Butyl acetate (all isomers). CAS. no. 123-86-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats, rabbits and mice 14100, 7400 and 7100 mg/kg body weight respectively.

LC₅₀ inhalation, rats 9480 mg/m³(4 h). 14220 mg/m³ (12 h) resulted in eye irritation in guinea pigs.

Chronic toxicity Butyl acetate did not induce lesions in mice or rats given in oral doses up to 2000 mg/kg (four weeks). No gross lesions were seen in rats receiving 600 mg/kg (oral) for 90 days. No teratogenic effects were found when rabbits and rats inhaled a concentration of

7110 mg/m³.

Negative results were reported when tested for the mutagenic potential. No studies on the carcinogenic potential have been found.

Human health effects:

The lowest concentration inducing an observable adverse effect in humans is 948 mg/m³(throat irritation) and 1422 mg/m3;(nose and eye irritation). Observed effects on skin are fissures and degreasing. One case of contact allergy in man has been reported.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 2.7 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.047 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.7 mg/m³

Justification: Based on an inhalation study in humans, with a LOEL for throat irritation at 948 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/ SF^I x SF^II x SF^III = 948 mg/m³/ 1 x 10 x 10 = 9.50 mg/m³.

By using the RD₅₀-calculation the LCI is 2.7 mg/m³.

Because the C-value is based on an estimated odour threshold value, it does not correspond to the LCI-value.

Butyl butyrate. CAS. no. 109-21-7

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rabbits 9520 mg/kg. Butyl butyrate causes moderate irritation onto skin. Inhalation exposure of 26150 mg/m³ (6 h) was lethal to two out of three rats. A lower dose of 2615 mg/m³ for 6 hrs exposure produced no symptoms or death.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 1.1 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for benzyl acetate.

2-Ethylhexyl acetate. CAS. no. 103-09-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 3 g/kg

The higher alkyl homologue of esters is described as relatively nontoxic (> 3 g/kg), causes mild to moderate irritation of the skin and eyes.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 2.3 mg/m³

LCI LCI-value: 1.1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI is based on the LCI for benzyl acetate.

Heptyl acetate. CAS. no. 112-06-1, 5921-82-4/5/6

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats > 5 g/kg. It is a mild skin irritant. The concentrated vapour inhaled by rats for 8 hrs proved to be non-lethal. Commercially, these acetates serve as a flavouring agents. Because of the high boiling point of this compound hazards from exposure to its vapours is quite remote.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 2.0 mg/m³;(VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.0 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment of effects. The LCI is based on the odour threshold value 2.0 mg/m³, which is assumed to be below a concentration causing health effects of the compound.

Heptyl formate CAS. no. 112-23-2

Acute toxicity It is a primary irritant, moderate irritating onto skin. The allyl formates and the higher homologue appear to be much more toxic than their lower homologue and may cause hepatic damage. This may be due to the action of acrolein, one of its metabolic products. The formates are irritating to skin and mucous membranes including eyes and lungs. Ethyl formate caused eye irritation in humans at 1564 mg/m³.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 1.1 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for benzyl acetate.

Isobutyl acetate. CAS. no. 110-19-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rabbits 4800 mg/kg. Exposure to 18960 mg/m³for 4 hrs caused no death in rats. LC_lo inhalation, rats 37920 mg/m³. It is a mild-moderate skin and eye irritant.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Human health effect:

Isobutyl acetate is relatively non-toxic in humans. Exposure to a concentration of 4500 mg/m³for 30 min caused irritation of the nose and eyes, headaches and weakness.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 3 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 1.7 mg/m³(Woodfield, 1994).

LCI LCI-value: 3.0 mg/m³

Justification: Based on an inhalation study on humans, with a LOEL for nose and eye irritation 4500 mg/m³ .

LCI = LOEL/ SF^I x SF^II x SF^III = 4500 mg/m3;/1 x 10 x 10 =

45 mg/m³

By using RD₅₀ in the calculation the LCI is 3 mg/m³.

The C-value (0.3 mg/m³) is based on an odour threshold value and does not correspond to the LCI-value.

Pentyl formate. CAS. no. 638-49-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats >5 g/kg. Mild irritant onto skin. Pentyl formate is an amyl formate. High concentrations by acute and chronic exposure may cause narcosis and low CNS effects.

The formates are irritating to skin and mucous membranes including eyes and lungs. Ethyl formate caused eye irritation in humans at 1564 mg/m³.

LCI LCI-value: 1.1 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for benzyl acetate, which is assumed to be below the probable irritative effects of pentyl formate.

GLYCOLS, -ETHERS, -ESTERS

In general:

Glycol ether acetates have the same systematic toxicological effects as their parent glycol ethers and it is reasonable to consider that their toxicity is equivalent on a molar basis. The short chain ethylene glycol methyl and ethyl ethers and their acetates as well as other glycol ethers capable of being converted to ethylene glycol methyl or ethyl ethers, cause testicular atrophy, teratogenicity/foetotoxicity and bone marrow depression.

In contrast, longer chain ethylene glycol ethers (ethylene glycol butyl ether, -propyl ether,-isopropyl ether and -phenyl ether) do not cause these effects, but do cause erythrocyte fragility in rats. No testicular or bone marrow effects have been reported for the propylene glycol ethers, but teratogenic effects have been reported for 1-propylene glycol 2-methyl ether and the acetate.

The glycol ethers do not pose a genotoxic risk to man in valid test systems. The multitude of data on effects on man is compatible with experimental data in several animal species.

In most studies on glycol-ethers and their acetates it has not been described in detail whether the studies have been done on special isomers or on mixtures of isomers. In this evaluation it has, however, not been possible to distinguish between effects of special isomers and mixtures of isomers.

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-ethanol- (DGBE) CAS. no. 112-34-5

Acute toxicity DGBE has low acute toxicity by the oral, dermal and inhalation routes.

LD₅₀ oral, mice, rat, guinea pigs and rabbit is 5.5 , 5-6, 2 and 2.2 g/kg respectively. No rats died by exposure to 120 mg/m³(the highest attainable vapour concentration). The substance is moderate-severe irritant to the eyes in rabbits and slight skin irritating.

NOEL (five weeks) was by inhalation 120 mg/m³in rats.

Chronic toxicity DGBE has been extensively tested by the dermal and oral routes in animals and caused no effects to target organs, fertility, developmental or nervous system. There are no reports of adverse effects in humans from use of DGBE-containing products.

DGBE has been tested in many in vitro and in vivo systems. There was no evidence of genotoxicity in several test systems.

Human health effect:

A case of hypersensitivity in an office worker has been reported. Patch test elicited a positive reaction to DGBE. Furthermore, one case of sensitization to DGBE with erythema and urticaria has been reported.

Odour The odour threshold value has been measured to 0.009 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996) and 0.022 mg/m³ (Boholt, 1992).

LCI LCI-value: 0.12 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study on animals, with a NOEL 120 mg/m³; for irritation. LCI = NOEL/ SF ^I x SF ^II x SF ^III = 120 mg/m³/10 x 10 x 10 = 0.12 mg/m³.

The odour threshold value 0.02 mg/m³ correspond to the C-value.

Butoxy propanol (PGBE) CAS. no. 5131-66-8, 15821-83-7, 29387-86-8

(mixture).

Acute toxicity PGBE is low in single dose oral toxicity. LD₅₀ oral, rats 1.9-5.2 g/kg. It is markedly irritating and somewhat injurious to the eyes, but only mildly irritating to the skin. 31 days inhalation study showed no effects in rats at 541 mg/m³. No sensitization in guinea pigs has been found.

Chronic toxicity NOEL by oral administration (13 weeks) to rats was 350 mg/kg/day. In reproduction studies (oral, dermal or injection studies) on mice, rats and rabbits there has been found no effects on maternal toxicity or on fetuses.

In Ames test PGBE was not mutagenic. It did not produce chromosomal aberrations in hamster ovary cells. No carcinogenic data available.

Odour The adjusted odour threshold value has been measured to 0.381 mg/m³(Boholt, 1992).

LCI LCI-value: 0.55 mg/m³(based on 0.541 mg/m³)

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study on animals, with a NOEL for eye lesions and irritation on 541 mg/m³.

LCI = NOEL/SF^I x SF ^II x SF^III = 541 mg/m³/10 x 10 x 10 = 0.541 mg/m³.

The odour threshold value (0.4 mg/m3;) corresponds to the C-value.

Butoxy propyl acetate CAS. no. 85409-76-3.

Toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.55 mg/m³

Justification: No data available. The LCI is based on the fact that the glycol ether acetates have the same systemic toxicological effects as their parent glycol. The LCI for propylene glycol monobutyl ether is 0.541 mg/m³and this value is used as LCI for the acetate as well.

2-Ethoxy-ethyl acetate-Ethoxy-ethyl acetate (EGEEA) CAS. no. 111-15-9

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, mice, rats and guinea pigs respectively is 1.4 g/kg,

5.1 g/kg and 1.9 g/kg. It is moderate irritating to the eyes of rabbits, slight irritating to the skin, poorly absorbed through the skin.

LC₅₀ inhalation, rats 12100 mg/m³(8 h). No animals died after exposure for 1 hr to an atmosphere saturated with vapour. No gross pathological lesions were observed.

Chronic toxicity EGEEA causes effects on the haemapoitic system, on CNS and in liver and kidneys. EGEEA is a developmental toxicant and a teratogen in rats and rabbits when exposed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. EGEEA causes testicular effects in mice. The NOEL for teratogenic effects has been reported to be 270 mg/m³ in rats and rabbits. No data are available on carcinogenic effects. No genotoxic effects were found in a number of in vivo and in vitro studies.

NIOSH has recommended a guideline (occupational) on 2.7 mg/m³.

Human health effects: RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 3.0 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.1 mg/m3; (VOCBASE, 1996). The odour threshold value (adjusted) has been measured to 0.447 mg/m³ (Boholt, 1992).

LCI LCI-value: 0.27 mg/m³.

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study on animals (teratogenicity study), with a NOEL on 270 mg/m³.

LCI = NOEL/SF^I x SF^II x SF^III = 270 mg/m³/10 x 10 x 10 = 0.27 mg/m³.

2-Ethoxy hexyl acetate- CAS. no. ?

Toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.27 mg/m³. Justification: No data available. The LCI is based on the fact that the glycol ether acetates have the same systemic toxicological effects as their parent glycol. The LCI for ethylene glycol monoethyl (not hexyl) ether is 0.27 mg/m³ and is used as LCI for this acetate as well.

Methoxy propyl acetate (PGMEA) CAS. no. 108-65-6, 70657-70-4, 84540-57-8 (mixture).

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 4-14 g/kg.
Chronic toxicity
LC₅₀ inhalation, rats >23500 mg/m³ (6h). It is not skin irritating in rabbits and only slightly eye irritating. No sensitization has been observed in guinea pigs. Exposure to 1620, 5400 or 16200 mg/m³ in rats and mice for 9 days caused increased liver weight. All exposure levels caused histological irritation of the nasal mucosa for mice and the highest concentration in rats.

In an inhalation study (reproduction) in rats, 21600 mg/m³ 2PG1MEA caused maternal toxicity. At 2700 mg/m³no toxicological effects were observed. No teratogenic or other developmental effects were seen in foetuses in any of the dose levels.

In another reproduction study on rats, 1PG2MEA caused maternal effects (irritation, sedation, weight decrease) at 2970 and 14580 mg/m³, but not at 594 mg/m³. At the highest concentration there also was an increased rate of fetal resorptions and decrease in fetal weights.

Studies of the metabolite 2PG1ME do not indicate effects on reproduction. There are no indications of mutagenicity or genotoxicity.

Odour The adjusted odour threshold value has been measured to

0.014 mg/m³ for 2PG1MEA (Boholt 1992).

LCI LCI-value: 0.6 mg/m³(based on 0.594 mg/m³)

Justification: The LCI is based on an inhalation study on animals, with a NOEL for irritation, sedation and weight decrease for 1PG2MEA on 594 mg/m³.

LCI = NOEL/SF ^I x SF^II x SF ^III = 594 mg/m³/10 x 10 x 10 = 0.594 mg/m³;.
Propylene glycol acetate and propylene glycol diacetate CAS. no. 627-69-0, 6214-01-3, 1331-12-0.

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats and guinea pigs 13530 and 3420 mg/kg respectively.

Propylene glycol acetate is of a low degree of toxicity. No injuries have been reported from the compound.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.55 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. Propylene glycol (not the acetate) has in a number of studies been found relatively untoxic, acute and chronic, without irritative, genotoxic, reproductive or carcinogenic effects.

The LCI is here based on the LCI for the propylene glycol ethers.
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-monoisobutyrate, (Texanol^R)

CAS. no. 25265-77-4

Toxicity The tentative exposure limit estimate of 1 mg/m³;was published (Nielsen GD, 1997).

Odour Odour threshold value is not reported.

LCI LCI-value: 1 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value corresponds to the tentative exposure limit estimate.

HYDROCARBONS

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Alkanes C₂-C₄: ethane, propane, n-butane, iso-butane
C₅-C₆: n-pentane, iso-pentane, neo-pentan, hexane, n-hexane
C₇-C₁₂: heptane, octane, decane, undecane, dodecane

The toxicological evaluation is here based on C₇-C₁₂ -alkanes.

Toxicity For many of the aliphatic hydrocarbons dermatitis, irritation, CNS depression and anaesthesia have been noted. The effect of the aliphatic hydrocarbons increases with the molecular weight. Methane and ethane are not irritating, but hexane causes eye irritation at 1800 mg/m3;. Methane and ethane and propane are practically nontoxic as well as decane and undecane.

In general, aliphatic mixtures have an neurotoxic effect on the level about 100 ppm (200-600 mg/m³;). Low molecular alkanes (C₂-C₄) are relatively non-toxic, have a low vapour pressure and a boiling point below 0^oC.

Human health effects:

RD₅₀x 0.03/40 for heptane has been calculated to 54.5 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value has been reported to: Heptane(C₇) 40.7 mg/m³, Octane (C₈) 27.5 mg/m³, Nonane (C₉) 6.8 mg/m³, Decane (C₁₀) 4.4 mg/m³, Undecane (C₁₁) 3.5 mg/m³ and Dodecane (C₁₂) 37.0 mg/m³.

LCI LCI-value: 20 mg/m³

Justification: LCI for C₇-C₁₂-alkanes is based on the general neurotoxic effect at 200-600 mg/m3; in humans.

LCI = NOEL/ SF ^I x SF^II x SF ^III = 200-600 mg/m³/1 x 10 = 20-60 mg/m³.

By using RD₅₀ (heptane) the LCI is 5.45 mg/m³.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

In general:

The aromatics are primary skin irritants, and repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis. Eye contact may cause lacrimation and irritation. The acute toxicity is higher for toluene than for benzene, and decreases further with increasing chain length, except for the highly branched derivatives (C₈ to C₁₈). The alkylbenzenes are CNS depressants and neurotoxics.
C₂-Alkylbenzenes (i.e. Ethylbenzene, Xylene).

Ethylbenzene CAS. no. 100-41-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 3.5 to 5.5 g/kg. It is a severe irritant to the eyes in rabbits and a mild skin irritant. Exposure to 668 mg/m³is irritating the eyes. Dermal contact causes erythema and inflammation.

Chronic toxicity 13.6-136 mg/kg (oral) 182 days caused no effects in rats. There was no effects (inhalation) in rabbits and guinea pigs at concentrations of 1736 to 2604 mg/m³;. It has not been fetotoxic in rats, mice or rabbits. Reproductive studies have been inconclusive.

Human health effects:

Inhalation of 434 mg/m³in humans caused irritation. The lowest published toxic concentration in humans has been reported to 434 mg/m³(8H) with irritation in nose and eyes.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 8 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to 2-2.6 mg/m³(van Gemert, 1977) and to 10.2 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 4.3 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on the irritation on humans with a LOEL on 434 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/ SF ^I x SF ^II x SF^III = 434 mg/m³/ 1 x 10 x 10 = 4.3 mg/m³.

The LCI does not correspond to the C-value 0.5 mg/m³. The criteria for standard setting (C-value) has not been available.

Xylenes (isomers). CAS. no. 108-38-3

Acute toxicity LC₅₀ inhalation, rats 17000-23000 mg/m³(6H).

Chronic toxicity Prolonged exposure to organic solvents cause organic brain damage. In general concentrations about 100 ppm have been found to be a NOEL for organic brain damage. High concentrations caused abortion and damage to fetuses in animals. 10 mg/m3;have been found to be NOEL for teratagenic effects in animals. Xylenes have not been genotoxic.

Human health effects:

Exposure to 400 mg/m³; causes irritation in the eyes, nose and throat.

At higher concentrations nausea, vertigo and headache have been reported. Exposure to 870 mg/m³caused prolonged reaction time in humans.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 1.4 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996) and the 'best estimated threshold value' is 0.078 mg/m³;(Woodfield, 1994).

LCI LCI-value: 0.1 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on the animal study on a NOEL of

10 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/SF^I x SF ^II x SF ^III = 10 mg/m³/10 x 10 x 1 = 0.1 mg/m³.

The LCI corresponds to the C-value.

C₃-Alkylbenzenes C₃-Alkylbenzene i.e. trimethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene (cymene). The LCI for the C₃-alkylbenzenes are estimated from the lowest LCI of the evaluated compounds.

Isopropylbenzene CAS. no. 98-82-8

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 1.4-2.9 g/kg.

LC₅₀ inhalation, mice 11000 mg/m³.

Cymene appears slightly less toxic than its n-propyl isomer, but more so than benzene and toluene. It is an irritant to eyes and skin and a CNS depressant.

Chronic toxicity 154 mg/kg (oral), rats 194 days caused no effects.

2745 mg/m³for 150 days caused lung, liver and kidney effects.

Human health effects:

It is irritating in humans 1098 mg/m3;. The irritation threshold has been reported to 175 mg/m³in humans.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 8.5 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.12 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.75 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on the irritation effect in humans, with a LOEL at 175 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/SF^I x SF ^II x SF ^III = 175 mg/m³;/1 x 10 x 10 = 1.75 mg/m³.

n-Propylbenzenen. CAS. no. 103-65-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀-value has been reported to 6g/kg and 4.4 g/kg in rats and mice respectively. The lowest concentration causing death (LC_lo) in mice was 20000 mg/m³.

Chronic toxicity No genotoxicity has been found for n-propylbenzene in vitro or in vivo.

No other data on chronical toxicity has been found.

Human health effects: RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 5.8 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.048-0.100 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996, Woodfield).

LCI LCI-value: 5.8 mg/m³.

Justification: The RD₅₀ calculation has been used for the LCI.

Trimethylbenzenes. CAS. no. 96-63-6, 108-67-8, 526-73-8,

In general:

The trimethylbenzenes occur in three isomeric forms hemimellitine, pseudocumene, mesitylene.

Acute toxicity LD_lo oral 5000 mg/kg.

Chronic toxicity Exposure to 1000 mg/m³caused inhibition of phagocytic actions.

Human health effects:

Exposure to a mixture containing 30% mesitylene and 50% hemimellitine in concentrations of 50-300 mg/m³caused respiratory problems, headache, tiredness and thrombocytopenia.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.5 mg/m³.

LCI LCI-value: 0.5 mg/m³;

Justification: LCI is based on the effects in humans, with a LOEL on 50 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/SF ^I x SF ^II x SF ^III = 50 mg/m³/1 x 10 x 10 = 0.5 mg/m³.

The LCI-value does not correspond to the C-value 0.03 mg/m³; estimated on the basis of odour.

C₄-Alkylbenzenes i.e. Tetramethylbenzene (prenitine, isodurene, durene), cymene, diethylbenzene, butylbenzene.

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats >5 g/kg (durene), 2-5 g/kg (butylbenzene) and

5 g/kg (cymene). A single oral dose of 0.075 ml monobutylbenzene produced irreversible foreleg paralysis in rats.

LC_lo inhalation >20.000 mg/m³.

Chronic toxicity Rabbits exposed to tetraline in 30 days had lens opacities. Tetraline causes green coloured urine in humans. 1100 mg/m³C₉-C₁₀-aromates 90 days caused haematological changes, tremor, throat irritation and sedation in monkeys. In rats the same symptoms were observed, but at higher concentrations.

Exposure to 380 mg/m³(13 weeks) caused no symptoms.

Human health effects:

Workers handling tert-butyltolouene experience nasal irritation, nausea, malaise and headache. Exposure to 55 mg/m3;cymene caused irritation in humans and 110 mg/m³caused acute CNS-symptoms.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 (butylbenzene) has been calculated to 3 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour The odour threshold value has been reported to:

durene 0.08 mg/m³, isodurene 0.01 mg/m³, tetraline 97 mg/m³.

LCI LCI-value: 0.55 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on the irritating effect in humans at

55 mg/m³.

LCI = LOEL/SF ^I x SF^II x SF^III = 55 mg/m³/1 x 10 x 10 = 0.55 mg/m³.

The LCI-value for C₄-alkylbenzenes does not correspond to the C-value 0.02 mg/m³ (based on 10% mixture of isodurene and an estimated odour threshold value of 0.002 mg/m³).

KETONES

In general:

Ketones are volatile organic compounds which can act on the central and peripheral nervous system, respiratory system, and kidney and liver function.

Ketones produce, when inhaled at lower concentrations, nausea and vomiting. They possess narcotic properties when inhaled in high concentrations.

Some ketones are neurotoxic, e.g. methylethylketone. Rat experiments showed nerve changes which were characteristic for peripheral neuropathy.

Recent reports indicate that prolonged exposure of workers to ketones may be associated with the possible development of peripheral neuropathy.

Ketones are irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. These properties are more distinct among the unsaturated ketones and in the higher members of the group.

Acetone CAS. no. 67-64-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 9750 mg/kg

LD₅₀ oral, rabbit: 5300 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 38,000 mg/m m³/4 hours

Mild skin irritation and moderate eye irritation were shown in experimental animals.

Chronic toxicity No mutagenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic effects were reported.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: High concentrations of acetone cause severe effects on the central nervous system, e.g. dizziness, nausea, loss of coordination. Inhalation of vapours at concentrations above 28500 mg/m³ leads to acute intoxication shown as headache, vomiting, weakness, loss of consciousness. Acetone has no known effects on the peripheral nervous system.

The critical effect of exposure to acetone is most probably irritation of the mucous membranes and eyes. Irritation of nose and throat was reported at 700 mg/m³, but not at 475 mg/m³.

Skin contact: Skin contact with acetone for 30-90 minutes results in irritation and reversible changes within epidermis.

Eye contact: Irritation.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 77.5 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 14 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.4 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to irritation, systemic toxicity and consider the low odour threshold value. The LCI-value corresponds to the C-value.

Ô-Butyrolactone CAS. no. 96-48-0

Human health effects:

After oral administration of large doses mild sedation was reported. IARC evaluation: possibly carcinogenic to humans, group 2B. No case reports or epidemiological studies were available for the evaluation of the carcinogenicity in humans.

Odour Odour threshold value is not reported (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently Ô-butyrolactone is considered as an "unknown" compound.

Cyclohexanone CAS. no. 108-94-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1620 mg/kg

LD₅₀ inhalation, rat: 32,000 mg/m³

Chronic toxicity Inhalation study was carried out in rats exposed for 6 months, 4 hours per day for concentration of vapours of 64 mg/m³. Decreased reflex strength and decreased liver functions were seen as main results.

Human health effects:

Inhalation: Cyclohexanone acts on the central nervous system increasing stimulatability and decreasing respiration rate.

Volunteers were exposed for 3-5 minutes to a range of concentrations of cyclohexane in air. At the lowest concentration, of approximately 40 mg/m³, irritation of the eyes was reported.

At a concentration of 80 mg/m³a marked irritation of the eyes, nose and throat was noted, whereas concentrations of 200 mg/m³ resulted in irritation of the mucous membranes.

Workers exposed in industrial environment for 5 years had changes in liver function and spermatozoa changes (deficient amount, absence, immobile or lifeless spermatozoa).

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 2.3 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.083 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.3 mg/m³;

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation.

2,9-Decane dione CAS. no. ?

Toxicity No data available.

Odour Odour threshold value is not reported (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently 2,9-decane dione is considered as an "unknown" compound.

Ethyl vinyl ketone CAS. no. 1629-58-9

Toxicity No toxicological information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.0017 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.002 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value corresponds to the odour threshold value, which is assumed to be below the concentration causing irritation.

2-Heptanone CAS. no. 110-43-0

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 1670 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 18,685 mg/m³

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects:

Inhalation of vapours induces headache and may lead to dizziness and unconsciousness. Reports on abuse of 2-heptanone indicate severe peripheral nervous system damage that may lead to irreversible paralysis and death.

Skin contact: Prolonged or repeated skin contact results in drying and cracking of skin although 2-heptanone was not irritating or sensitizing.

Eye contact: Irritation and in some cases impaired vision were reported.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 2.3 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996)

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.68 mg/m³(VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.3 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers to sensory irritation

3-Heptanone CAS. no. 106-35-4

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rat: 270 mg/kg

LC_lo inhalation, rat: 9340 mg/m³

Mild irritant when applied on rabbit skin, whereas in rabbit eyes moderate irritant.

Chronic toxicity No information was available.

Human health effects: Inhalation: Exposure to vapours of a concentration above

230 mg/m³ results in irritation of skin whereas at higher concentrations narcosis was reported. No neurotoxicity or other chronic effects were reported.

Odour Odour threshold is not reported (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 2.3 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value is based on an assumption that the effects of 3-heptanone is comparable to those of 2-heptanone.

2-Nonanone CAS. no. 821-55-6

Toxicity No information was available.

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.23 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.9 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value is based on the assumption that the effects of 2-nonanone is comparable to those of 2-octanone.

2-Octanone CAS. no. 111-13-7

Human health effects: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

RD₅₀ x 0.03/40 has been calculated to 1.9 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 0.09 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.9 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value refers sensory irritation.

4-Octene-3-one CAS. no. ?

Toxicity 4-Octene-3-one is a 8 carbon ketone. Several of such ketones e.g. 3,6-octanedione, 5-methyl-3-heptanone and 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexandione have been shown neurotoxic causing polyneuropathy.

Odour The odour threhold value is reported for 8 carbon ketones. For e.g. methyl-ethyl-ketone (2-butanone) the odour threshold is reported to be 15 mg/m³, for methyl-isobutyl-ketone 2.9 mg/m³ and for diisobutylketone 0.6 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

The lowest odour threshold value of 0.6 mg/m³ is considered relevant.

LCI LCI-value: 0.6 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI-value corresponds to the defined odour threshold value and is assumed to be below the health effects for the compound.

TERPENES
Terpenes. CAS. no. 68956-56-9
Human health effect

Monoterpenes may irritate the skin and mucous membranes and prolonged exposure in allergic and non-allergic contact dermatitis.

Turpentine (diterpene) is the oleoresin from pine species. The irritant and sensitizing potential varies according to the content of terpenes as a-pinene, 3-carene, limonene and camphene. The main allergen seems to be oxidation products of the diterpenes, in particular of 3-carene.

Higher frequencies of symptoms involving mouth and throat as well as feeling of chest oppression were observed in workers occupationally exposed to monoterpenes. Impairment in the lung function was observed after a weekend. The mean exposure was calculated to 254 mg/m³ (range 100-550 mg/m³). Exposure to the monoterpenes a-pinene, ß-pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene (the mixture of the compound) caused discomfort in the nose, throat and airways at 225 mg/m³.

Short-term-exposure to turpentine caused an increase in airway resistance. Workers from saw-mills were exposed to water and not water stored wood in concentrations of terpenes <25 mg/m³ (low exposure group) and 50-240 mg/m³(mean 125 mg/m³) (high exposure group). There was a higher frequency of chronic bronchitis in the higher exposure group. In the low exposure group there were no complaints of any symptoms neither of irritation.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour Specific for each of the monoterpenes.

Standards The Danish occupational exposure limit for monoterpenes, single or all together is 140 mg/m³ and in the USA 556 mg/m³.

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study on humans, with a NOEL for lung symptoms on 25 mg/m³. LCI = NOEL/ SF^I x SF ^II x SF^III = 25 mg/m³/1 x 10 x 10 = 0.25 mg/m³

Camphene. CAS. no. 79-92-5

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ intra peritoneal, mice >500 mg/kg. LD₅₀ oral, rats

>5 g/kg, LD₅₀ dermal, rabbits >2.5 g/kg. It inhibits plant and fungal growth and is a natural protector against insects and mites.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 28 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

2-Carene. CAS. no. 4497-92-1

Acute toxicity It has been shown that 2-carene is a sensitizer, because of the hydroperoxides common in both 2-carene and 3-carene.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the general LCI for terpenes.

3-Carene. CAS. no. 13466-78-9

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 4800 mg/kg. Exposure to 5000 mg/m³10-20 min of 3-carene induced a marked bronchi-constriction in isolated, perfused and ventilated lungs from pigs and rats.

Chronic toxicity 3-Carene has been found mutagenic in Ames test without but not with metabolic activation.

Human health effects:

An oxidation product of 3-carene (probably a hydroperoxide) is thought to be the causal factor to the observed irritative and sensitizing effects. 3-Carene induces contact allergy in pigs and sensitize guinea pigs. In case studies 3-carene has been found to be the specific sensitizer in the terpenes.

450 mg/m³3-carene caused discomfort in the eyes experimentally inhumans. No effects were found at 225 mg/m³.

Odour No data available.

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study in humans, with a NOEL on 225 mg/m³.

'LCI' = NOEL/SF^I x SF ^II x SF^III = 225 mg/m³/1 x 10 x 10 = 2.25 mg/m³.

The LCI is based on the LCI-value for terpenes in general.
Limonene. d,l-limonene CAS. no. 138-86-3, d-limonene CAS. no. 5989-27-5, l-limonene CAS. no. 5989-54-8

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats and mice 5.6-6.6 and 4.4-5.2 g/kg respectively.

d-Limonene (high concentrations) is a skin irritant. The oxidation product of limonene, the hydro peroxides is proved to be a potent contact allergen when tested on guinea pigs.

Chronic toxicity Slightly lower mean body weights in rats at 150 mg/kg (2 y) and in mice at 1000 mg/kg were seen. Oral dose levels 400-500 mg/kg (1-3 months) induced changes in liver enzymes in rats. 75 mg/kg (3 months) caused increased liver weight but no other toxic effects.

Reproduction studies on rats, mice and rabbits have shown increased incidence of skeletal abnormalities and decreased organ weights in fetuses at doses showing maternal toxicity. The highest dose level without effects was 591 mg/kg.

d-Limonene causes kidney effects (including increased incidence of renal tumours) in male rats. Production of the protein a-2u-globulin is considered to be the origin to the observed lesions. This protein has not been observed to occur in any other species than male rats. Experimental studies on guinea pigs have shown, that d-limonene itself gives no significant contact allergy, but it caused contact allergy, while air oxidized.

Limonene did not show any mutagenicity when tested in several in vivo or in vitro systems.

Human health effects: A slight decrease in vital capacity (2%), probably of no functional significance, was noted in an experimental exposure study in concentrations of 450 mg/m³in humans. d-Limonene is considered as the principal sensitizer in citrus species. It is also included among the fragrance allergens. A number of case reports on dermal contact allergy to limonene have been found.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 2.5 mg/m³ -(VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.3 mg/m³

Justification: The LCI is based on an inhalation study on animals, with a LOEL on 75 mg/kg, and conversion from oral exposure to inhalation.

LCI = LOEL x 75 kg/SF ^I x SF^II x SF^III x 20 m³ =

75 mg/kg x 70 kg/10 x 10 x 10 x 20 m³ = 0.3 mg/m³.

ß-Myrcen. CAS. no. 123-35-3

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats >5 g/kg in rats. It is a moderate skin irritant in rabbits.

Chronic toxicity Myrcene resulted in an oral reproduction study in decreased birth weight and increased perinatal mortality and skeletal system disorders in fetuses. There were no adverse effects in maternal or fetuses at doses below 500 mg/kg.

Human health effects:

One case of type 1 allergy (asthma and rhino conjunctivitis) to ß-myrcene has been reported (positive scratch test).

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 0.14 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 1.7 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on a reproduction study (oral) in animals, with a NOEL on 500 mg/kg and a conversion from oral to inhalation exposure.

LCI = NOEL x 70 kg/SF^I x SF^II x SF ^III x 20 m³ =

500 mg/m³ x 70 / 10 x 10 x 10 x 20 = 1.7 mg/m³

a-Phellandrene. CAS. no. 99-83-2

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 5.7 g/kg.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Human health effects: Concentrated a-phellandrene causes severe skin irritation.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 3.4 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

a-Pinene. CAS. no. 80-56-8

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 2.3-5.1 g/kg.

LC₅₀ inhalation, rats 11700 mg/m3;(6 h). a-pinene is a skin and throat irritant. LC_lo inhalation, rats and guinea pigs 625 mg/m³ and 572 mg/m³respectively.

Guinea pigs were sensitized by a-pinene in one study, but this could not be repeated by another research group. In general, allergic reactions to a-pinene are considered to be due to 3-carene present as an impurity.

Chronic toxicity Pinene caused leukemic changes in fowl, and deviations in plasma proteins and erythroblastosis. It is not mutagenic in Ames test. By dermal exposure a-pinene was found to be a promoter (cancer), but the effect is probably caused by the skin irritation.

Human health effects:

The human oral fatal dose is 180 g. Few patients have been reported specifically allergic to a-pinene. Subjects with cardiac diseases may experience increased olfactory sensitivity toward pinene.

450 mg/m m³ of a-pinene caused irritation of the eyes, nose and/or throat during experimental exposure, while 225 mg/m³caused no symptoms.

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 3.9 mg/m³ (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³

Justification: LCI is based on an inhalation study in humans, with a NOEL on 225 mg/m³.

LCI = NOEL/ SF^I x SF ^II x SF ^III = 225 mg/m³;/ 1 x 10 x 10 = 2.25 mg/m³;.

The LCI is based on the LCI on terpenes (general).

This value differs from the C-value 0.05 mg/m³;because of using a SF^III on 100 and a LOEL on 50 mg/m³;.

ß-Pinene. CAS. no. 18172-67-3, 127-91-3

Toxicity No data available

Odour The odour threshold value is reported to be 36 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

a-Terpinene. CAS. no. 99-86-5

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 1680 mg/kg. a-Terpinene may be a minor allergen although d-limonene is considered to be the principal sensitizer in Citrus species.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 2.3 mg/m³; (VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

?-Terpinene (p-menthadiene-1,3). CAS. no. 99-85-4

Toxicity No data available

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 1.5 mg/m³;(VOCBASE, 1996)

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

Sesquiterpenes (unidentified). i.e. cadinene. CAS. no. 29350-73-0.

Acute toxicity No data available

Chronic toxicity Cadinene has been found to be a mutagen in Ames test. No other data available.
Human health effects

Sesquiterpene-lactones as allantolactone, parthenin, costunolide etc are potent skin sensitizers. Air borne plant remains may cause symptoms. These sensitizing sesquiterpene-lactones are mainly found in plants from the compositae plant family, and probably not present among the unidentified sesquiterpenes in emissions from the tested wood-based materials.

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

Terpene alchohols and ketones 4-Terpineol-Terpineol CAS. no. 98-55-5 and a-Terpineola-Terpineol CAS. no. 10482-56-1

Acute toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 5.17 mg/kg.

Chronic toxicity No data available

Odour Odour threshold value is reported to be 12 mg/m³; (4-Terpineol) and 0.24 mg/m3; (a-Terpineol) (VOCBASE, 1996).

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

Verbenone. CAS. no. 18309-32-5

Acute toxicity LD_lo intra peritoneal, rats 250 mg/kg.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for terpenes (general).

Terpene epoxides

Limonene oxideLimonene oxide. CAS. no. 1195-92-2.

Acute toxicity Limonene-1,2-oxide has been found to be a potent contact allergen.

Chronic toxicity No data available

LCI LCI-value: 0.25 mg/m³;

Justification: No adequate data for an assessment. The LCI is based on the LCI for the terpenes (general).

OTHERS

Acetals

In general:

Acetals are polymers containing formaldehyde and alcohols or aldehydes. Skin irritation and sensitization tests in humans have shown mild to moderate erythema. In one person known sensitive to formaldehyde no reaction was found.

Formaldehyde butyl isobutylacetal

Toxicity No data available

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently the substance is considered as an "unknown" compound.

Formaldehyde dibutylacetal

Toxicity No data available

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently the substance is considered as an "unknown" compound.

Formaldehyde diisobutylacetal CAS. no. 2568-91-4

Toxicity No data available

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently the substance is considered as an "unknown" compound.

Epoxides

Pentyl oxirane. CAS. no. ?

Toxicity The toxicity ranges from highly active low molecular-weight mono- and diepoxides to the inert cured resin systems possessing only few epoxy groups per molecule. Effects most commonly observed in animals have been dermatitis, eye irritation, throat and pulmonary irritation, gastric irritation. Although most compounds are mutagenic to bacteria, not all have produced tumours in animals. A few of the epoxides have been shown teratogenic in animals. Ethylene oxide has been placed as a CAR 2 carcinogen with a C-value on 0.005 mg/m3;and propylene oxide as CAR 2, R45 with a C-value on 0.003 mg/m3;.

LCI The LCI-value can not be estimated and consequently the substance is considered as an "unknown" compound.

The lowest C-value for other epoxides i.e. ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (methyl oxirane): propylene oxide 0.003 mg/m³; might be used as a guiding value.

Nitriles

2,2'-Azobis-isobutyronitrile. CAS. no. 78-67-1.

Toxicity LD₅₀ oral, rats 700 mg/kg and LD _lo 30 mg/kg. Nitriles display toxicologic effects that appear to be related to cyanide toxicity. However, not all nitriles dissociate readily to produce cyanide. The toxicity of the individual nitriles is very different. It is therefore difficult to consider them collective. The C-value for acetonitrile is 0.1 mg/m3;and for acrylonitrile 0.002 mg/m3;.

The TLV's for the compounds are 70 and 4 mg/m³;respectively.

LCI This compound is considered unknown because of lack of data.

The C-value for acrylonitrile 0.002 mg/m³;might be used as a guiding value.
REFERENCES for Appendix 7

Unless otherwise stated the toxicological assessments are based on information obtained from the databases: NIOSH-tis, RTCECS and ECDIN (the Environmental Chemical Data and Information Network, the Commission of the European Communities) and in the references below.
ESTERS

Brusewitz S, Wennberg A. Kriteriedokument för gränsvärden : Butanol och butylacetat. Arbete och Hälsa. 1984:3.

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Nielsen GD, Hansen MK, Mølhave L. Toksikologisk vurdering af en række forureningsstoffer i indeluften. Arbejdstilsynet. Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet. Denmark. 1982.

Strube M. Evaluation of health hazards by exposure to the butyl acetates, n-butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate and estimation of limit values in ambient air. National Food Agency. Institute of Toxicology. Feb 1995.

Woodfield M, Hall D. Odour measurement and control- An update. AEA Technology. National Environmental Technology Centre. Oxfordshire. Aug 1994.
GLYCOLS

Boholt K. Bestemmelse af lugttærskelværdier for 32 rene stoffer. DK-Teknik. Miljøstyrelsen. København. 1992.

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Johanson G. NEG and NIOSH basis for an occupational health standard. Propylene Glycol Ethers and their acetates. Arbete och hälsa. Arbetsmiljöinstitutet. Solna. Sweeden. 1990:32.

Lundberg P. Scientific basis for swedish occupational standards XVI. Arbete och Hälsa. Arbetslivsinstitutet. Solna. Sweden. 1995:19

Tordoir WF, Verschuuren H, Bøckman NG et al. The toxicology of glycol ethers and its relevance to man. ECETOC Technical Report No.64. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of chemicals. Brussels. Belgium. Aug 1995.
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Nielsen GD, Hansen MK, Mølhave L. Toksikologisk vurdering af en række forureningsstoffer i indeluften. Arbejdstilsynet. Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet. Denmark. 1982.

Rondahl L, Ahlborg U. Medicinska och hygieniska effekter av alkaner i omgivningsluft. Litteraturgennemgang och toxikologisk utvärdering. MUST. Rapport nr.12. Naturvårdsverket. Solna. Sweeden. 1986.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Engström K, Elovaara E. Nordiska expertgruppen för gränsvärdesdokumentation. 67. Etylbensen. Arbetet och Hälsa. Arbetarskyddsverket. Solna. 1986:19.

Larsen PB. Benzin- og dieselolieforurenede grunde. Toksikologisk vurdering. Miljøprojekt nr.223. Miljøstyrelsen. Miljøministeriet. København. 1993.

Nielsen GD, Hansen MK, Mølhave L. Toksikologisk vurdering af en række forureningsstoffer i indeluften. Arbejdstilsynet.

Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet. Denmark. 1982.
TERPENES

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Cronin E. Contact dermatitis. New York. London. 1980

Filipsson AF. Toxicokinetics and acute effects of inhalation exposure to monoterpenes in man. Arbete och Hälsa. Arbetsmiljöinstitutet. Solna. 1995:3.

Hedenstierna G, Alexandersson R, Rosén G, Wimander K, Randma E. Subjektiva besvär och lungfunktion vid yrkesmässig exponering för sågångor. Arbete och hälsa. Arbetarskyddsverket. 1984:8.

Johansson M, Ladefoged O. Vurdering af de sundhedsmæssige skader ved udsættelse for a-pinen med henblik på vurdering af grænseværdi. Miljøstyrelsen. 1988. rev 1991 (internt dokument).

Karlberg AT, Lindell B. Nordiska expertgruppen för gränsvärdesdokumentation. 107. Limonen. Arbetsmiljöinstitutet. Solna. 1993:14.

Lindberg E. Exposition för sågångor. Samband mellan exposition och vissa lungfunktionsvariabler. Arbete och hälsa. Arbetarskyddsverket. Stockholm. 1979:27.

Malmberg P, Rask-Andersen A, Eriksson K et al. Bronkiell reaktivitet och lungfunktion hos sågare och justerverksarbetare. Arbete och Hälsa. Arbetsmiljöinstitutet. Solna. 1994:26.

Söderkvist P. Kriteriedokument för gränsvärden: Terpentin/terpener (a-pinen, ß-pinen, 3-carene. Arbetsmiljöinstitutet. Solna. 1987:23.
ALDEHYDES

Larsen, J.C., Institute for Toxicology, National Food Agency of Denmark, Personal Information, April 1997.

Mølhave, L.: Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University, Personal Information, April 1997.

World Health Organization (WHO): Air Quality Guideline for Formaldehyde, In preparation.

World Health Organization (WHO): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. An Updating of IARC Monographs Volume 1 to 42. Supplement 7, 1987.
OTHERS

Clayton GD, Clayton FE. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1994.

Nielsen G D, Frimann Hansen L and Wolkoff P, Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Building Material Emissions, II. Approaches for Setting Indoor Air Standards or Guidelines for Chemicals. Indoor Air. Vol. 7, No 1 p. 17-32, 1997.

Appendix 8: Evaluation - Survey of Results

The results comprise the comfort and health evaluations of emissions from the 23 investigated wood and wood-based materials.

The evaluations comprise determination of:

S-value based on Sc_i/LC_i for stated effect type

Indoor-relevant time-value based on odour and irritation thresholds

by material loads varying from 0,4 m²/m³; (corresponding to e.g. floor or table with 6 chairs) to 2.2 m²/m³; (corresponding to e.g. ceiling, floor and all 4 walls).

In the tables essential single substances are defined so that "other" substances in the emission do not exceed 10% of the S-value.

Reference is made to Appendix 6 regarding results and other data used as the basis of the calculation of S-values and indoor-relevant time-values, hereunder:

Emission rate [Fg/m²·h] (from chamber testing).

Calculated standard room concentration [Fg/m³;].

Lowest concentration of interest in the indoor air, LCI [Fg/m³;].

Odour- and irritation threshold values [Fg/m³;] for determination of the indoor-relevant time-value.

See table 1 HERE
See table 2 HERE
See table 3 HERE
See table 4 HERE
See table 6 HERE
See table 7 HERE
See table 8 HERE
See table 9 HERE
See table 10 HERE
See table 11 HERE
See table 12 HERE
See table 13 HERE
See table 14 HERE
See table 15 HERE
See table 16 HERE
See table 17 HERE
See table 18 HERE
See table 19 HERE
See table 20 HERE
See table 21 HERE
See table 22 HERE
See table 23 HERE
See table 24 HERE

Appendix 9: Additional Literature on Project Related Topics

Amoore, J. E., Hautala, E.:
"Odor as an Aid to Chemical Safety: Odour Thresholds Compared with Threshold Limit Values and Volatilities for 214 Industrial Chemicals in Air and Water Dilution". Journal of applied toxicology, Vol. 3 no. 6, 1983.

Andersson, K. et al.:
Allergistämma 96 7-8 november Norra Latin, Stockholm. Tema: Inomhusmiljö. Abstracts, Folkhälsoinst., 1996.

Allergy voice. Theme: Indoor Environment, National Institute of Public Health, Sweden 1996. (Swedish).

Appell, L.:
Physical Foundations in Perfumery. VIII The minimum perceptible. American Perfumes and Cosmetics. Vol. 84, March 1969.

Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet:
Opbygning af biologisk afprøvningssystem for luftvejsirriterende stoffer afgasset fra byggematerialer. Byggestyrelsen, december 1988.

National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark. Construction of a Biological Test System for Respiratory Irritating Substances Emitted from Building Products. National Building- and Housing Agency. 1988. (Danish)

Arbejdstilsynet:
Toksikologisk vurdering af en række forureningsstoffer i indeluften. Rapport nr. 9/1982.

Danish Working Environment Service. Toxicological Evaluation of a Number of Pollutants in the Indoor Air. 1982. (Danish)

Back, J., Boyd, H.B., Lyngsaae, M., Hansen, L.V.:
"En vurdering af nogle allergifremkaldende stoffer i byggematerialer". Dansk Toksikologi Center. 1988.

An Evaluation of some of the Allergic Substances in Building Materials. Danish Toxicology Centre, 1988. (Danish)

Bakke, J. V., Knudsen, B.B.:
Allergy, Hypersensitivity and Chemical Substances. Summary and Conclusions. Nordic Committee on Building Regulations. Indoor Climate Committee. NKB Committee and Work Reports 1993:01E.

Bakke, J. V., Aas, K., Andersen, I., Knudsen, B.B., Lindvall, T., Nordman, H., Wahlberg, J.E.:

"NKB-report on chemicals and hypersensitivity in the airways. I: Classification of chemicals", Proceedings of Indoor Air '93, Vol. 1, 141-146, Helsingfors.

Bakke, J. V., Aas, K., Andersen, I., Knudsen, B.B., Lindvall, T., Nordman, H., Wahlberg, J.E.:

ANKB-report on chemicals and hypersensitivity in the airways". II: "Known and suspected initiators of asthma and potential harmful exposures", Proceedings of Indoor Air '93, Vol. 1, 147-152, Helsingfors.

Bakke, J. V.
Wood and indoor environment. What do we know about respiratory, sensitizing and irritating effects of wood ? Proceedings - Wood an Environmentally Friendly Material, Jönköping 15. - 17. April 1996, UN-ECE Timber Committee.

Baumann, M.:
"Unpublished results of emission of VOC's" from particleboard and MDF. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, W1, 1997.

Berglund, B., Johansson, I.:
"Health Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air". Archives of the Center for Sensory Research, Volume 3, Issue 1, 1996.

Bischof, W., Maroni, M., Bernhard, C., Bronisch, M., Heilemann, K.-J.:
European Database on Indoor Air Pollution Sources in Buildings: Toxicologically Related Assessment. Proceedings of Indoor Air >96 Nagoya.

Brockmann, C., Whitaker, D., Sheldon, L., Baskin, J., Leovic, K., Howard, E.:

AIdentification and Evaluation of Pollution Prevention Techniques to Reduce Indoor Emissions from Engeneered Wood Products. Research Triangle Park and US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, 1997.

CMHC:
"Building Materials for Environmentally Hypersensitive" Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, NH 15-90, 1993.

Cometto-Muñiz, Cain, W. S:
Mixtures of Volatile Organic Compounds: Detection of Odor, Nasal Pungency, and Eye Irritation. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings >95.

COWIConsult A/S:
"Indeklima i bygninger på forurenede grunde. Måleresultater og afværgeforanstaltninger", Bygge- og Boligstyrelsen Rapport april 1992.
Indoor Environment in Buildings on Polluted Sites. Measurement Results and Anti-Measures. National Building and Housing Agency, 1992. (Danish)

Dansk Selskab for Indeklima:
AProduktstandard for Loft- og vægsystemer, 2 ed, 1997.
Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Product Standard for Ceiling and Wall Systems, 1997.

Dansk Selskab for Indeklima:
AProduktstandard for Indvendige døre og og mobilvægge, 1 ed, 1996

Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Product Standard for Interior Doors and Folding Partitions, 1996.

Dansk Selskab for Indeklima:
AProduktstandard for Halvhårde gulvbelægninger, laminat- og trægulve, 1 ed., 1998

Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Product Standard for Resilient Flooring, Wood-Based Floors and Laminated Floors, 1998.

Dansk Selskab for Indeklima:
AProduktstandard for Trægulvolier, 1 ed, 1998.

Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Product Standard for Oils for Wooden Floors, 1998.

Dansk Selskab for Indeklima:
AProduktstandard for Vinduer og yderdøre, 1 ed., 1998
Danish Society of Indoor Climate. Product Standard for Windows and Exterior Doors, 1998.

Dansk Toksikologi Center:
"Preliminær screening af stoffer, der ingår i byggematerialer med henblik på allergifremkaldende egenskaber". Den Nordiske Komite for Bygningsbetemmelsers Indeklimaudvalg og Byggestyrelsen. December 1988.

Danish Toxicology Centre. Preliminary Screening of Substances Forming Part of Building Materials what regards Allergic Properties. National Building and Housing Agency, Denmark, 1988. (Danish)

Domanski, J.J:
AToxicology". Production, Chemistry, Utilization. Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.

Dravnieks, A.:
"Correlation of Odor Intensities and Vapor Pressures with Structural Properties of Odorants". Odor Sciences Center, IIT Research Institute, Chicago 1977.

Dueholm, S., Bülow, K.:
"Begrænsning af formaldehydafgivelse fra møbler og inventar". Dansk Teknologisk Institut, Afd. for Træteknik. 1991.

Limitations of the Emission of Formaldehyde from Furniture and Fixtures. Danish Technological Institute, Wood Technology, 1991. (Danish)

ECA:
Guideline for the characterization of volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials and products using small test chambers. EUR 13593 EN. European Collaborative Action (ECA), 1991.

Englund, F., Andersson, B.-I.:
Emissioner av flyktiga ämnen från trä och träprodukter. En översikt av internationell forskning. Trätek, Rapport I 9404023.
Emissions of volatile compounds from wood and wood products. A survey of current international research. The Swedish Institute for Wood Technology Research, 1994. (Swedish)

EPA Project on Office Seating. Emissions Testing Requirements. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

Esfandabad, H.S.:
Perceptual Analysis of Odorous Irritants in Indoor Air. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 1993.

European Commission:
"European Concerted Action, Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact on Man, Environment and Quality of Life, Report No. 6, Strategy for Sampling Chemical Substances in Indoor Air" EUR 12617 EN, 1989.

European Commission:
"European Concerted Action, Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact on Man, Environment and Quality of Life, Report No. 8, Guideline for the Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Indoor Materials and Products Using Small Test Chambers ", EUR 13593 EN, 1981.

European Commission:
"European Concerted Action, Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact on Man, Environment and Quality of Life, Report No. 10, Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health", EUR 14086 EN, 1991.

European Commission:
"European Collaborative Action, Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact on Man, Environment and Quality of Life, Report No. 13, Determination of VOC emitted from indoor materials and products, Interlaboratory comparison of small chamber measurements", EUR 15054 EN, 1993.

European Commission:
"European Collaborative Action, Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact on Man, Environment and Quality of Life, Report No. 14, Sampling strategies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air", EUR 16051 EN, 1994.

European Data Base on Indoor Air Pollution Sources in Buildings. (Final report in preparation).

Filipsson, A.F.:
"Toxicokinetics and acute effects of inhalation exposure to monoterpenes in man". Arbete och Hälsa 1995:3.

Fischer, M., Böhm, E., Brenske, K. R.:
Erkennung und Bewertung von Schadstoffemissionen aus Möbellacken. Schadstoffe und Umwelt, Band 12, 1994.

Flyvholm, M.-A., Bakke, J.V.:
Testing and discussion of the proposed criteria for the ability of chemical substances to cause allergy and hypersensitivity in the skin and lower airways. Summary Report. Nordic Committee on Building Regulations, Indoor Climate Committee.

NKB Committe and Work Reports 1994:03E.

Franke, D., Northeim., C., Black, M.:
Furnishings and the Indoor Environment". Journal Textile Institute, Vol. 86, No. 4, 1994.

GBR and SP - Trade standard:
Measurement of chemical emission from flooring materials. The Swedish National Flooring Trade Association (GBR) and the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute (SP), 1992.

Gemert, L.J. van, Nettenbreijer, A.H.:
"Compilation of Odour Threshold Values in Air and Water". National Institute for Water Supply, Voorburg, Netherlands. June 1977.

Hansemann, W.:
Einflüsse auf Restemissionen. Die Konzentrationen der Restemissionen aus lackierten Möbeln resultieren aus Lacksystem, Auftrasart, Trockung und Härtung. Holz- und Kunststoffverarbeitung 5/96.

Hansen, L.F.:
Helbredseffekter og gener ved udsættelse for formaldehyd. Byggestyrelsen. Rapport, december 1988.

Health Effects and Discomfort by Exposure to Formaldehyde. National Building and Housing Agency, Denmark, 1988. (Danish)

Hausen, B.M.:
"Holzarten mit gesundheitsschädigenden Inhaltsstoffen" Praxisbücher für die Holz- und Forstwirtschaft, 1973. DRW-Verlags. GmbH, Stuttgart.

Hausen, B.M.:

Woods, Injurious to Human Health. A manual. 1981 DeGruyter, Berlin.

Holz-Zentralblatt:
"Ein "Muß" für Möbel: umweltfreundlich und emissionsarm". Holz-Zentralblatt, Stuttgart Nr. 141, 24.11.95.

Howard, E.M., McCrillis, R.C., Krebs, K.A., Fortman, R., Lao, H.C., Guo, Z.:
AIndoor Emissions from Conversion Varnishes". US-EPA, Research Triangle Park and Acurex Environmental Corp., Durham, NC, 1997.

Hultengren, M., Tell, B.V.:
"Industriel ytbehandling av trä - egenskaper och risker". Trätek 1995.

Industrial Surface Treatment of Wood - Properties and Risks. The Swedish Institute for Wood Technology Research, 1994. (Swedish)

Indoor Air Quality Update, September 1995:
Emissions Guidelines for New Headquarters' Furniture. 1995 Cutter Information Corp.

Jann, O., Plehn, W., Wilke, O.:
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Jensen, B., Wolkoff, P.:
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VOCBASE - A Database of Odour Thresholds, Threshold Values for Mucous Irritation and Physical-Chemical Parametres for Volatile Organic Compounds, 1997. (Danish)

Jensen, O. F. D., Larsen, A., Abildgaard, A., Hansen, M. Kragh:
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Oil Treated Wooden Floors and Indoor Environment. Nordic Committee on Building Regulations, 1994. (Danish)

Jonsson, B.:
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Chemical Emission from Solid Wood. Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, 1990. (Swedish)

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Karlberg, A-T., Magnusson, K., Nilsson, U.:
Air Oxidation of d-limonene (the Citrus Solvent) Creates Potent Allergens. Contact Dermatitis 1992:26: 332-340.

Koontz, M. D., Hoag, M. L.:
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Larsen, A.:
Optimalt valg af malematerialer til indvendige bygningsoverflader. NKB Utskotts- och arbetsrapporter 1993:03. Nordiska komittén för byggbestämmelser (NKB), Inomhusklimatutskottet, 1993.

Ideal Choice of Painting materials for Interior Building Surfaces. Nordic Committee on Building Regulations 1993. (Danish)

Larsen, A., Nielsen, P.A., Wolkoff, P.:
Introduction to the Principles behind the Danish Indoor Climate Labelling, Danish Society of Indoor Climate, February 1997.

Larsen, A., Wolkoff, P., Nielsen, P.A.:
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ASundhedsmæssig vurdering af luftforurening fra vejtrafik". Miljøprojekt nr. 352. Miljøstyrelsen. 1997.

Evaluation of Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Road Traffic". The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 1997. (Danish)

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Terpener irriterar slemhinnor. Nordisk Träteknik Nr. 5-93.

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Mattrel, P., Richter, K.:
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Marutzky, R., Hansemann, W., Salthammer, T.:
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May, J.:
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Orientering fra Miljøstyrelsen, B-værdier Nr. 15, 1996.

Information on Values for Reduction of Air Pollution from Industries. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. (Danish)

Miljø- og Energiministeriet Miljøstyrelsen:
Status og perspektiver for kemikalieområdet. Et debatoplæg fra Miljøstyrelsen, 1996.

Status and Perspectives for the Chemical Area. A Discussion Paper from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. (Danish)

Mølhave, L., Bach, B., Peterson, O.:
Human Reaction to Low Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds. Environ. Int. Vol. 12:165-167, 1986.

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"Assessment of Exposures and Health Risks Related to Formaldehyde Emissions from Furniture: A Case Study", Indoor Air 1995, Vol. 5: 104-119.

Mølhave, L., Kjaergaard, S.K., Pedersen, O.F., Jørgensen, A., Pedersen, T.:
"Human response to different mixtures of volatile organic compounds", Proceedings of Indoor Air '93, Helsingfors, Vol. 1, 555-560

Mølhave, L., Nielsen, G.D.:
Interpretation and Limitations of the Concept "Total Volatile Organic Compounds" (TVOC) as an Indicator of Human Responses to Exposures of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Indoor Air. Indoor Air, Vol. 2, 65-77, 1992.

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Mørck, H., Ogaard Madsen, J., Hersoug, L.G., Øie, L.:
"Poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Health Problems caused by Impregnated Wood Windows", Proceedings of Indoor Air '93, Vol. 2, 461 - 464.

Mørck, L. H., Øie, L., Larsen, L. G.:
Test av gran- und furupanel, afgasningsanalyser og inneklimateknisk vurdering. Ikke offentligtgjort prøvningsrapport

Test of Spruce and Pine Panels, Emission Analyses and Indoor Environment Technical Evaluation. Not published test report.

Nexø, B.A., Nielsen, G.D:
"Toksikologisk vurdering af indeklimaforureninger. Typiske forureninger fra jordforurening", Bygge- og Boligstyrelsen, Rapport februar 1993.

Toxicological Evaluation of Indoor Environment Pollution. Typical Pollution from Ground Pollution. National Building and Housing Agency, Denmark, 1993. (Danish)

Nielsen, G.D., Hammer, M., Hansen, L.F., Nexø, B.A., Poulsen, O.M.:
AFlygtige organiske forbindelser i indeklimaluft- stoffer, koncentrationer og vurdering Dansk Kemi No. 4, 1997."

Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air - compounds, concentrations and evaluation, 1997. (Danish)

Nielsen, G.D., Hansen, L.F., Hammer, M., Vejrup, K.V., Wolkoff, P.:
Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Building Material Emissions I. A Screening Procedure Based on a Closed Emission System. Indoor Air. Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 8-16, 1997.

Nielsen, G.D., Hansen, L.F., Nexø, BA, Poulsen, O.M.:
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Nielsen, P.A., Wolkoff, P.:
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Indoor Environment Labelling of Building Products. Part 1: Description of Prototype Organization. Danish Building Research Institute, 1993. (Danish)

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Nordic Committe on Building Regulations:
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Nordtest:
"Nordtest Method". Building Materials: Emission of volatile compounds, chamber method. NT Build 358, approved 1990-06.

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Saarela, K.:
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Saarela, K., Tirkkonen, T., Tähtinen, M.:
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A wooden house modified for allergic persons. Multistorey houses in Talldalen. The Swedish Institute for Wood Technology Research, 1993. (Swedish)

Scanvac:
"Klassindelade Inneklimatsystem, Riktlinjer och specifikationer, Svenska Inneklimatinstitutet, R1, 1991.

Class divided indoor environment system. Guidelines and Specifications. Scanvac, 1991.

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"Office Furnishings/Equipment & IAQ: Health Impacts, Prevention & Mitigation". Indoor Air Quality Update. A Guide to the Practical Control of Indoor Air Problems, from Cutter Information Corp. USA, 1995.

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Sparks, L. E., Tichenor, B.A., Chang, J., Guo, Z.:
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Criterion Document for Threshold Values. Turpentin/Terpenes., 1987. (Swedish)

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Tirkkonen, T., Mroueh, U.-M., Orko, I.:
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Wolkoff, P., Clausen, P.A., Nielsen, G.D.:
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"A new approach to label the emission of VOCs from building products". Part III: The total concept. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings >95, Vol. 2, pp. 899-904.

Wolkoff, P., Nielsen, P.A.:
How to Evaluate VOC Emissions from Building Products ? A Perspective. Procedings of Healthy Buildings/IAQ´97, Vol. 3, 491 - 496. Washington D.C., 1997.

Wolkoff, P., Nielsen, P.A.:
"Indeklimamærkning af byggevarer". Del 2: Faglig og teknisk dokumentation af en prototypeordning. SBI-Rapport 233. Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut 1993.

Indoor climate labelling of building products. Part 2. Technical documentation of a prototype labelling. Danish Building Research Institute, 1993. (Danish)

Wolkoff, P., Nielsen, P.A.:
Indoor Climate Labelling of Building Materials: The Experimental Approach for a Protoype. Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Poluttion and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP 1287, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, pp. 331-349.

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World Health Organization (WHO):
Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, Copenhagen. WHO Regional Office for Europe. (European Series No. 23). 1987.

World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
"Indoor Air Quality: Biological contaminants". WHO Regional Publications European Series No. 31. 1990.

World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
Updating and revision of the air quality guidelines for Europe. Report on the WHO Group on Ecotoxic Effects. Les Diablerets, Switzerland, 21-23 September 1994.

World Health Organization (WHO):
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World Health Organization (WHO):
"Air Quality Guidelines for Europe". Summary of the guidelines, pp. 20-30. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23, Appendix 2. 1996.

World Health Organization (WHO):
Air Quality Guideline for Formaldehyde. In preparation, 1996/98.

Zellweger C., Hill, M., Gerig, R., Hofer, R.:
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Zhang, J.S, Shaw, C.Y.:
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Zhang, J.S, Zhu, J.P., Tsuchinya, Y., Shaw, C.Y., Magee, R.J., Lusztyk, E., Kanabuus-Kaminska, M.:
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Appendix 10: List of synonyms

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