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The Effect of Esfenvalerate and Prochloraz on Amphibians with special reference to Xenopus laevis and Bombina bombina

Contents

Preface

Summary

Dansk sammendrag

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

• 2.1 Principles and methods for maintaining and breeding the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis and the fire-bellied toads, Bombina bombina
  • 2.1.1 Facilities for maintaining adults Xenopus
  • 2.1.2 Facilities for breeding Xenopus
  • 2.1.3 Principles and methods for maintaining adults Bombina bombina
  • 2.1.4 Principles and methods for breeding Bombina bombina
• 2.2 Toxicity tests using embryos of Xenopus laevis and Bombina bombina
  • 2.2.1 Principle and design of the toxicity test
  • 2.2.2 Test substances
  • 2.2.3 Preparation of test solutions
  • 2.2.4 Embryos
  • 2.2.5 Culture medium
  • 2.2.6 Experimental design
  • 2.2.7 Determination of the effects on embryo of Xenopus and Bombina bombina
  • 2.2.8 Replicates and controls
  • 2.2.9 Physical - analysis
  • 2.2.10 Chemical - analysis
  • 2.2.11 Data treatment and reporting

3 Results

• 3.1 The effects of vehicles and 6-aminonicotinamide on embryo development of Xenopus laevis and Bombina bombina
  • 3.1.1 Embryo development in FETAX solutions
• 3.2 Effects of esfenvalerate on Xenopus laevis
  • 3.2.1 In vivo observations
  • 3.2.2 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition and mortality at the end of the test (96 h)
• 3.3 Effects of Prochloraz on Xenopus laevis
  • 3.3.1 In vivo observations
  • 3.3.2 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition and mortality at the end of the test (96 h)
  • 3.3.3 Comparison of the effects of prochloraz on Xenopus with and without jelly coat
• 3.4 Effects of esfenvalerate on Bombina bombina
  • 3.4.1 In vivo observations
  • 3.4.2 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition and mortality at the end of the test (120 h)
• 3.5 Effects of prochloraz on Bombina bombina
  • 3.5.1 In vivo observations
  • 3.5.2 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition and mortality at the end of the test (120 h)
• 3.6 Comparison of the effects of esfenvalerate and prochloraz on Xenopus and Bombina
  • 3.6.1 Comparison of the effects of esfenvalerate on Xenopus and Bombina
  • 3.6.2 Comparison of the effects of prochloraz on Xenopus and Bombina
  • 3.6.3 The effects of esfenvalerate and prochloraz on TI on Bombina and Xenopus

4 Discussions

• 4.1 The use of amphibians as an ecotoxicological test organism
  • 4.1.1 The effects of aquatic contaminants on amphibians compared with the effects of other aquatic test organisms
  • 4.1.2 The effects of pesticides on different kinds of amphibians
• 4.2 A standardised toxicity test using embryos of amphibians
  • 4.2.1 Toxicity tests using embryos of amphibians
  • 4.2.2 Influence of the test protocols and the developmental stages of the amphibians on the ecotoxicological results
  • 4.2.3 Why introduce a new test with Bombina bombina
  • 4.2.4 Facilities for maintaining adults laboratory populations of Xenopus and Bombina
  • 4.2.5 Principles and methods for breeding amphibians with special focus on Bombina bombina
  • 4.2.6 Toxicity test using embryos of Xenopus laevis and Bombina bombina
  • 4.2.7 The effects of esfenvalerate on embryos of amphibians with special reference to Xenopus and Bombina
  • 4.2.8 In vivo observations
  • 4.2.9 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition, mortality and teratogenic screening
• 4.3 The effects of prochloraz on embryos of amphibians with special reference to Xenopus and Bombina
  • 4.3.1 In vivo observations
  • 4.3.2 Recordings of malformation, growth inhibition and mortality at the end of the test
• 4.4 Comparison of the effects of esfenvalerate and prochloraz on amphibians with the results from the OECD standard tests
• 4.5 Conclusion

5 References

Appendices 1-4

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Version 1.0 September 2004, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency