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Siloxanes - Consumption, Toxicity and Alternatives

Contents

Preface

Summary and conclusions

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

1 Introduction

• 1.1 What are siloxanes and silicones?
• 1.2 International market

2 Application of silicones in Denmark

• 2.1 Raw materials production, import and export
• 2.2 Fields of application
  • 2.2.1 Data from the Danish Product Register
  • 2.2.2 Sealants used for construction
  • 2.2.3 Paints, inks and coatings
  • 2.2.4 Cosmetics and toiletries
  • 2.2.5 Cleaning agents and maintenance agents
  • 2.2.6 Mechanical fluids and heat transfer fluids
  • 2.2.7 Textile applications
  • 2.2.8 Process control and plastic additives
  • 2.2.9 Health-care applications
  • 2.2.10 Paper coating
  • 2.2.11 Other uses of silicone elastomers and resins
  • 2.2.12 Other uses of silicone fluids
• 2.3 Summary

3 Health evaluation of siloxanes

• 3.1 Data on toxicity of siloxanes
• 3.2 Toxicity of siloxanes
  • 3.2.1 Toxicokinetics
  • 3.2.2 Acute toxicity
  • 3.2.3 Irritation and sensitization
  • 3.2.4 Subacute / subchronic / chronic toxicity
  • 3.2.5 Genetic toxicity
  • 3.2.6 Carcinogenicity
  • 3.2.7 Reproductive toxicity
  • 3.2.8 Endocrine disruption
• 3.3 Conclusion

4 Environmental fate and effects

• 4.1 Initial screening for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)
• 4.2 PBT profiler screening
• 4.3 Aquatic toxicity data for octamethylcyclosiloxane and PDMS

5 Alternatives

• 5.1 Alternatives to siloxanes in cosmetic products
  • 5.1.1 Neopentylglycol heptanoate
  • 5.1.2 Isodecyl neopentanoate
  • 5.1.3 Glycol distearate
  • 5.1.4 Dicaprylyl carbonate (vegetable oil components)
  • 5.1.5 Diethylhexyl carbonate
  • 5.1.6 Hydrogenated polydecen
  • 5.1.7 Summary and general experience
• 5.2 Alternatives to siloxanes in cleaning agents and polishes
  • 5.2.1 Mineral oils (tensides)
  • 5.2.2 Paraffin oils and vegetable oils
  • 5.2.3 Lipophilic tensides
  • 5.2.4 Block polymers
  • 5.2.5 Summary

References

Annex 1 Siloxanes listed in the INCI database

Annex 2 Siloxanes in hair styling products on the Danish market

Annex 3 Siloxanes in the Danish Product Register

Annex 4 Siloxanes in sealants

Annex 5 Siloxanes in cleaning and maintenance products

Annex 6 Contacted companies and organisations

Annex 7 Database screening for decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane

Annex 8 Human toxicity test results for siloxanes

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Version 1.0 September 2005, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency