| Front page | | Next |

Mapping and development of alternatives to chlorinated lubricants in the metal industry (KLORPARAFRI)

Contents

Foreword

Summary and conclusions

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Background
• 1.2 Objective
• 1.3 The project

2 Metalworking - processes, materials and lubricants

• 2.1 Introduction to chapter 2
• 2.2 Processes and materials
• 2.3 Lubricants
  • 2.3.1 Traditional formulation of lubricants for chip-less manufacturing
• 2.4 Metal forming and lubricants - technical development
  • 2.4.1 Problems when replacing chlorinated paraffins
  • 2.4.2 Present status

3 Demands and specifications for non-chlorinated lubricants

• 3.1 Introduction to chapter 3
• 3.2 Technical demands and specifications for non-chlorinated lubricants
• 3.3 Health and environmental demands and specifications for non-chlorinated lubricants
  • 3.3.1 Health parameters and criteria for non-chlorinated lubricants
  • 3.3.2 Environmental parameters and criteria for non-chlorinated lubricants

4 Strategy of data search

• 4.1 Introduction to chapter 4
• 4.2 The strategy of data search
  • 4.2.1 Retrieval of information on proposed lubricant alternatives
  • 4.2.2 Retrieval of further health and environmental data

5 Mapping of alternative lubricants

• 5.1 Method
• 5.2 Results

6 Technical assessment of non-chlorinated lubricants

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Test methods
• 6.3 Test results
• 6.4 Conclusions

7 Health and environmental assessment of components in non-chlorinated lubricants

• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Health and environmental assessments of substance groups in non-chlorinated lubricants
  • 7.2.1 Assignment of health scores
  • 7.2.2 Assignment of environmental scores
• 7.3 Mineral base oils
  • 7.3.1 Function
  • 7.3.2 Identification
  • 7.3.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.3.4 Health assessment
  • 7.3.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.4 Calcium sulphonates ("over-based")
  • 7.4.1 Function
  • 7.4.2 Identification
  • 7.4.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.4.4 Health assessment
  • 7.4.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.5 Alkyl sulphides (polysulphides)
  • 7.5.1 Function
  • 7.5.2 Identification
  • 7.5.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.5.4 Health assessment
  • 7.5.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.6 Vegetable and animal oils
  • 7.6.1 Function
  • 7.6.2 Identification
  • 7.6.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.6.4 Health assessment
    • 7.6.4.1 Rape oil
    • 7.6.4.2 Lard oil
  • 7.6.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.7 Phosphorous compounds
  • 7.7.1 Function
  • 7.7.2 Identification
  • 7.7.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.7.4 Health and environmental assessment
    • 7.7.4.1 Triaryl phosphates and aryl phosphites
    • 7.7.4.2 Trialkyl phosphates
    • 7.7.4.3 Dialkyl phosphates, dialkyl phosphates, monoalkyl phosphates and complex phosphate esters
    • 7.7.4.4 Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates
• 7.8 Sulphurized fatty compounds
  • 7.8.1 Function
  • 7.8.2 Identification
  • 7.8.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.8.4 Health assessment
  • 7.8.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.9 Synthetic ester oils
  • 7.9.1 Function
  • 7.9.2 Identification
  • 7.9.3 Monoesters
    • 7.9.3.1 Identification
    • 7.9.3.2 Physical/chemical data
    • 7.9.3.3 Health assessment
    • 7.9.3.4 Environmental assessment
  • 7.9.4 Diesters
    • 7.9.4.1 Identification
    • 7.9.4.2 Physical/chemical data
    • 7.9.4.3 Health assessment
    • 7.9.4.4 Environmental assessment
  • 7.9.5 Polyglycol esters
    • 7.9.5.1 Identification
    • 7.9.5.2 Physical/chemical data
    • 7.9.5.3 Health assessment
    • 7.9.5.4 Environmental assessment
  • 7.9.6 Polyol esters and complex esters
    • 7.9.6.1 Identification
    • 7.9.6.2 Physical/chemical data
    • 7.9.6.3 Health assessment
    • 7.9.6.4 Environmental assessment
• 7.10 Soaps
  • 7.10.1 Function
  • 7.10.2 Identification
  • 7.10.3 Physical chemical data
  • 7.10.4 Health assessment
  • 7.10.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.11 Reference point - medium-chained chlorinated paraffins
  • 7.11.1 Function
  • 7.11.2 Identification
  • 7.11.3 Physical/chemical data
  • 7.11.4 Health assessment
  • 7.11.5 Environmental assessment
• 7.12 Conclusion
  • 7.12.1 Results
  • 7.12.2 Conclusion

8 Health and environmental screening of non-chlorinated lubricants

• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Method for health screening of proposed non-chlorinated lubricants
• 8.3 Results of health and environmental screening of proposed lubricants
  • 8.3.1 Product no. 10
  • 8.3.2 Product no. 12
  • 8.3.3 Product no. 15
  • 8.3.4 Product no. 18
  • 8.3.5 Product no. 24
  • 8.3.6 Product no. 37
  • 8.3.7 Product no. 38
  • 8.3.8 Product no. 39
  • 8.3.9 Product no. 40
  • 8.3.10 Product no. 41
  • 8.3.11 Product no. 42
  • 8.3.12 Product no. 45
  • 8.3.13 Product no. 51
  • 8.3.14 Product no. 53
  • 8.3.15 Chlorinated lubricant
• 8.4 Conclusions

9 Exposure assessment in the working environment of selected components in non-chlorinated lubricants

• 9.1 Introduction to chapter 9
• 9.2 Substances in focus
• 9.3 The exposure scenario
• 9.4 Dermal exposure
  • 9.4.1 Worst case dermal exposure calculated by EUSES EASE model
  • 9.4.2 Dermal absorption calculated by various skin absorption models
• 9.5 Exposure by inhalation
• 9.6 Discussion of exposure results and risk characterization
  • 9.6.1 Introduction
    • 9.6.1.1 Tributyl phosphate (TBP) (CAS No. 126-73-8)
    • 9.6.1.2 Phenol isopropylated phosphate (3:1) (ITAP) (CAS No. 68937-41-7)
    • 9.6.1.3 Sulphurized 2,4,4-Trimethyl pentene (CAS No. 68515-88-8) and di-tert-dodecyl pentasulphide (CAS No. 31565-23-8)
• 9.7 Conclusion

Reference list

| Front page | | Next | | Top |

Version 1.0 October 2005, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency