Påvisning af virus i vand og toskallede bløddyr
6. Referencer
- Rådets Direktiv af 15. juli 1980 om kvaliteten af drikkevand (80/778/EØF).
- Rådets Direktiv af 30. oktober 1979 om kvalitetskrav til skaldyrvande(79/923/EØF).
- Rådets Direktiv af 8. december 1975 om kvaliteten af badevand (76/160/ EØF).
- Sellwood, J. og Wyn-Jones, P. (1996): Viruses in Water: Present Knowledge and Future
Opportunities. Microbiology Europe Vol. 4 No. 6, pp 11-16.
- Nickelsen, C. og Krongaard Kristensen, K. (1991): Hygiejnisk kvalitet af spildevand fra
renseanlæg. Spildevandsforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen. Nr.21.
- Alexander, L.M.; Heaven, A.; Tennant, A and Morris, R. (1992): Symptomatology of
Children in Contact with Sea Water Contaminated with Sewage. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health; 46: 340-344.
- Grohmann, G. (1996): Detection Methods for Enteric Viruses. Water Microbiology for the
21st Century. 8th - 10th August, 1996. Stockholm. Swedish
Institute for Infectious Disease Control. Edited by N.J.Ashbolt. Papers for day 1, pp.
7.1-7.7 and Laboratory Manual, C2.
- Abbaszadegan, M.; Huber, M.S.; Gerba, C.P. og Pepper, I.L. (1993): Detection of
Enteroviruses in Groundwater with the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 1318-1324.
- Puig, M.; Jofre, J.; Lucena, F.; Allard, A.; Wadell, G. and Girones, R. (1994):
Detection of Adenoviruses and Enteroviruses in Polluted Waters by Nested PCR
Amplification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 60, No. 8, pp. 2963-2970.
- Metcalf, T.G.; Melnick, J.L. and Estes, M.K. (1995): Environmental Virology: From
Detection of Viruses in Sewage and Waters by Isolation to Identification by Molecular
Biology - A Trip of Over 50 Years. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49: 461-487.
- American Public Health Association (1995): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater. 19th Edition. Managing Editor: Franson, M.A.H.; APHA Washington
DC.
- Gerba, C. (1996): Detection of Enteric Viruses in Water. Water Microbiology for the 21st
Century. 8th - 10th August, 1996. Stockholm. Swedish Institute for
Infectious Disease Control. Edited by N.J.Ashbolt. Laboratory Manual C1.
- Jothikumar, N.; Khanna, P.; Paulmurugan, R.; Kamatchiammal, S. and Padmanabhan, P.
(1995: A Simple Device for the Concentration and Detection of Enterovirus, Hepatitis E
Virus and Rotavirus from Water Samples by Reverse Transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction.
Journal of Virological Methods, 55, pp. 401-415.
- Ju-Fang, M.; Gerba, C.P. og Pepper I.L. (1995): Increased Sensitivity of Poliovirus
Detection in Tap Water Cencentrates by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Journal of Virological Methods 55, pp. 295-302.
- Murphy, A.M.; Grohmann, G.S. and Sexton, M.F.H. (1983): Infectious Gastroenteritis in
Norfolk Island and Recovery of Viruses from Drinking Water. J. Hyg. Camb., 91, 139-146.
- Shieh, Y.S.C.; Wait, D and Sobsey, M.D. (1995): Methods to Remove Inhibitors in Sewage
and other Fecal Wastes for Enterovirus Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of
Virological Methods, 54, pp. 51-66.
- Schwab, K.J., De Leon, R. and Sobsey, M.D. (1993): Development of PCR Methods for
Enteric Virus Detection in Water. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 27, No. 3-4, pp. 211-218.
- Dahling, D.R.; Wright, B.A. and Williams, F.P. (1993): Detection of Viruses in
Environmental Samples: Suitability of Commercial Rotavirus and Adenovirus Tests Kits.
Journal of Virological Methods. 45, pp. 137-147.
- Wyn-Jones, A.P.; Pallin, R.; Sellwood, J. og Tougianidou, D. (1995): Use of the
Polymerase Chain Reaction of Enteroviruses in River and Marine Recreational Waters.
Wat.Sci.Tech. Vol. 31, No. 5-6, pp. 337-334.
- Woolfaardt, M.; Moe, C.L. and Grabow, W.O.K. (1995): Detection of Small Round Structured
Viruses in Clinical and Environmental Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Wat. Sci.
Tech. Vol. 31, No. 5-6, pp. 375-382.
- Kopecka, H.; Dubrou, S.; Prevot, J.; Marechal, j. and López-Pila, M. (1993): Detection
of Naturally Occurring Enteroviruses in Waters by Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain
Reaction, and Hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 59, No. 4, pp.
1213-1219.
- Le Guyader, F.; Menard, D.; Pommepuy, M. og Kopecka; H. (1995): Use of RT Seminested PCR
to Assess Viral Contamination in Caribbean Rivers (Martinique). Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 31,
No. 5-6, pp. 391-394.
- Girones, R.; Puig, M.; Allard, A. Lucena, F. Wadell, G. and Jofre, J.1995): Detection of
Adenovirus and Enteroviruse by PCR Amplification in Polluted Waters. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol.
31, No. 5-6, pp. 351-357.
- Bouchriti N; Goyal SM
Evaluation of three methods for the concentration of poliovirus from oysters
Microbiologica. 1992 Oct; 15(4): 403-8
- Thomsen B.
Zoologi II
Nordisk forlag 1974, 7. udg. 6 oplag
- Jaykus LA; Hemard MT; Sobsey MD
Environmental Indicators and Shellfisk Safety: Human Enteric Pathogenic Viruses
Chapman & Hall, New York , London 1994.
- Kapikian AZ, Estes MK, Chanonk RM
Norwalk Group of Viruses in Fields Virology
Third Edition vol.1 Lippincott-Raven
Publishers, Philadelphia-New York, 1996.
- Halliday ML; Kang LY; Zhou TK; Hu MD; Pan QC; Fu TY; Huang YS; Hu SL
An epidemic of hepatitis A attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in Shanghai, China.
Infect. Dis. 1991 Nov; 164(5): 852-9
- Wang JY; Hu SL; Liu HY; Hong YL; Cao SZ; Wu LF
Risk factor analysis of an epidemic of hepatitis A in a factory in Shanghai.
Int. J. Epidemiol. 1990 Jun; 19(2): 435-8
- Nørrung B, Jacobsen BL
Levnedsmiddelbårne virusinfektioner
Alimenta 1996 19/2
- Christensen BF, Bjergskov T
Levnedsmiddelforgiftning forårsaget af østers.
Dansk Veterinærtidsskrift 1996, 79, 11, 1/6.
- Outbreak of human foodborne infection caused by oysters packed in Holland.
Rapport fra Veterinærdirektoratet, Landbrugs- og fiskeriministeriet januar 1997 (file
nr.4949-15-0/96)
- Dore WJ; Lees DN
Behavior of Escherichia coli and male-specific bacteriophage in environmentally
contaminated bivalve molluscs before and after depuration.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995 Aug; 61(8): 2830-4
- Viral Disease transmission by seafood
De Leon R; Gerba CP, De Leon R; Jo Nriagu (ed.);MS Simons
Advances in Environmental Science and Technology 1990, 639-62;
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; USA.
- Williams JR; Shay Fout G
Contamination of shellfish by stool-shed viruses: Methods of detection.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 689-96.
- Idema GK; Bateman BW, Kfir R; Grabow WOK
A comparison of methods for isolation of a wide range of viruses from shellfish Wat. Sci.
Tech. 1991, vol.24, no.2 pp 427-30.
- Bouchriti N; Goyal SM
Methods for the concentration and detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish: a
review.
Microbiologica. 1993 Jan; 16(1): 105-3
- Le Guyader F; Dubois E; Menard D; Pommepuy M
Detection of hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, and enterovirus in naturally contaminated
shellfish and sediment by reverse transcription-seminested PCR.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 Oct; 60(10): 3665-71
- Lees DN; Henshilwood K; Dore WJ
Development of a method for detection of enteroviruses in shellfish by PCR with poliovirus
as a model.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 Aug; 60(8): 2999-3005
- Apaire Marchais V; Ferre Aubineau V; Colonna F; Dubois F; Ponge A; Billaudel S
Development of RT-semi-nested PCR for detection of hepatitis A virus in stool in epidemic
conditions.
Mol. Cell. Probes. 1994 Apr; 8(2): 117-24
- Jaykus L.A, De Leon R., Sobsey M.D
Application of RT-PCR for the detection of enteric viruses in oysters.
Wat. Sci. Tech. 1993, vol. 27, no 3-4, 49-53
- Atmar RL; Metcalf TG; Neill FH; Estes MK
Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 Feb; 59(2): 631-5
- Lees DN; Henshilwood K; Green J; Gallimore CI; Brown DW
Detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-PCR.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995 Dec; 61(12): 4418-24
- Le Guyader F; Apaire Marchais V; Brillet J; Billaudel S
Use of genomic probes to detect hepatitis A virus and enterovirus RNAs in wild shellfish
and relationship of viral contamination to bacterial contamination.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 Nov; 59(11): 3963-8
- Goswami BB; Koch WH; Cebula TA
Detection of hepatitis A virus in Mercenaria mercenaria by coupled reverse transcription
and polymerase chain reaction.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993 Sep; 59(9): 2765-70
- Jaykus L.A; DeLeon R.; Sobsey M.D.
Development of Molecular Method for the Detection of Enteric Viruses in Oysters.
Food Protect.1995, vol.58, no.12, 1357-62
- Sugieda M.; Nakajima K; Nakajima S.
Outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish:
coexistence of two genotypes in one specimen
Epidemiol. Infect. 1996, vol. 116, 339-46.
- Atmar RL; Neill FH; Romalde JL; Le Guyader F; Woodley CM; Metcalf TG; Estes MK
Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995 Aug; 61(8): 3014-8
- Atmar RL; Neill FH; Woodley CM; Manger R; Fout GS; Burkhardt W; Leja L; McGovern ER; Le
Guyader F; Metcalf TG; Estes MK.
Collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish
tissues by PCR.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996 Jan; 62(1): 254-8
- Romalde JL; Estes MK; Szucs G; Atmar RL; Woodley CM; Metcalf TG
In situ detection of hepatitis A virus in cell cultures and shellfish
tissues.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 Jun; 60(6): 1921-6
- Deng MY; Day SP; Cliver DO
Detection of hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by antigen-capture PCR.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 Jun; 60(6): 1927-33
- Sellwood J, Wyn Jones P
Viruses in water: Present knowledge and future opportunities
Microbiol. Eur. 1996, vol.4 , no.6
- Crance JM; Apaire Marchais V; Leveque F; Beril C; Le Guyader F; Jouan A; Schwartzbrod L;
Billaudel S.
Detection of hepatitis A virus in wild shellfish
Marine Pollution Bulletin 1995, vol.30, no.6, pp 372-5
- Fiskeriministeriets bekendtgørelse nr.202 af 15. april 1993
- Hollinger B F; Ticehurst JR
Hepatitis A Virus in Fields Virology
Third Edition vol.1 Lippincott-Raven
Publishers, Philadelphia-New York, 1996.
- McIntosh-K
Diagnostic Virology in Fields Virology
Third Edition vol.1 Lippincott-Raven
Publishers Philadelphia-New York, 1996.
- Burkhardt III W, Rippey S-R, and Watkins W-D.
Depuration rates of Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linneaeus,1758) and Eastern
Oysters Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin,1791) in ozone-, and ultraviolet light-disinfected
seawater systems.
J. of Shellfish Res., vol.11, No.1, 105-109, 1992.
|