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Evaluation of Analytical Chemical Methods for Detection of Estrogens in the Environment
Table of Contents
Preface
Summary
Dansk sammenfatning
1 Introduction
2 Environmental and chemical properties of estrogens with relevance for analysis
2.1 Physicochemical properties
2.2 Release of estrogens from humans and animals and transport to the environment
2.2.1 Metabolism and excretion of estrogens
2.2.2 Human release of estrogens
2.2.3 Release of estrogens from farm animals
2.3 Effect concentrations in the environment
3 Analytical methodologies
3.1 Conceptual description of analytical methods
3.2 Validation of methods for analysis of estrogens
3.3 Sample handling
3.3.1 Sample collection, preservation and handling
3.3.2 Sample preparation
3.4 Analytical detection methods
3.4.1 Methods based on gas chromatography (GC-MS and GC-MS-MS)
3.4.2 Methods based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
3.4.3 Methods based on Immunochemical techniques (immunoassay)
3.4.4 Other techniques
4 Application of analytical methods for steroid estrogens
4.1 Sewage and sewage sludge
4.2 Surface water and sediment
4.3 Manure and soil
4.4 Other matrices
4.4.1 Groundwater
4.4.2 Bank filtration, septic tanks etc.
5 Recommendations, Perspectives and Conclusions
5.1 Sample preservation, extraction and clean-up
5.2 Analytical equipment
5.2.1 GC-MS or LC-MS versus GC-MS-MS or LC-MS-MS methods
5.2.2 Comparison of LC or GC methods
5.2.3 Immunochemical techniques
5.2.4 Comparison of methods
5.2.5 Future perspectives
6 References
Appendix 1 - Overview of published HPLC-methods
Appendix 2 - Overview of published HPLC methods for analysing conjugated estrogens
Appendix 3 - Overview of published GC methods
Appendix 4 - Overview of published immunochemical methods
Appendix 5 - List of abbreviations
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