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Update on Impact Categories, Normalisation and Weighting in LCA

Contents

Preface

Authors preface

Summary and conclusions

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

1 Introduction to the project

• 1.1 Background
• 1.2 The basis of normalisation and weighting in EDIP -methodology
• 1.3 Guide to the reader
• 1.4 References

2 Selection of impact categories

• 2.1 Comprehensive list of impact categories
• 2.2 Impact categories
• 2.3 Methodological inclusion of impact categories
• 2.4 Which impact categories to choose?
• 2.5 Consideration regarding choice of impact category
• 2.6 References

3 Development of normalisation references for different geographic areas

• 3.1 General considerations
• 3.2 General extrapolation method
• 3.3 Extrapolation applied to different impact categories
• 3.4 Recommendations on selection of normalisation references
• 3.5 References
• Appendix A: Data sources

4 Global warming

• 4.1 Summary
• 4.2 Description of the impact category
• 4.3 Substances contributing to the impact category
• 4.4 Methodology
• 4.5 Normalisation reference
• 4.6 Recommendations for future update
• 4.7 References
• Appendix A: Data sources
• Appendix B: Data used in the calculation of normalisation references for global warming.
• Appendix C: Consumption/emission of greenhouse gasses

5 Stratospheric ozone depletion

• 5.1 Summary
• 5.2 Description of the impact category
• 5.3 Substances contributing to the impact category
• 5.4 Methodology
• 5.5 Normalisation reference
• 5.6 Recommendations for future update
• 5.7 References
• Appendix A: Data sources
• Appendix B.1: Alternative calculation of normalisation references
• Appendix B.2: Calculation of normalisation references, based on 1998 information
• Appendix C: Ozone depleting potentials
• Appendix D.1: Consumption of ozone depleting substances
• Appendix D.2: Consumption of ozone depleting substances

6 Photochemical ozone formation

• 6.1 Summary
• 6.2 Description of impact category
• 6.3 Substances contributing to the impact category
• 6.4 Methodology
• 6.5 Normalisation references
• 6.6 Recommendations for future updating
• 6.7 References
• Appendix A.1: Calculation of normalisation reference for Denmark.
• Appendix A.2: Calculation of normalisation reference for EU-15
• Appendix A.3: Calculation of a worldwide normalisation reference

7 Acidification

• 7.1 Summary
• 7.2 Description of the impact category
• 7.3 Substances contributing to the impact category
• 7.4 Methodology
• 7.5 Normalisation reference
• 7.6 Recommendations for future update
• 7.7 References
• Appendix A: Data sources
• Appendix B: Emission data
• Appendix C: Normalisation references for EU-15 countries

8 Nutrient enrichment

• 8.1 Summary
• 8.2 Description of the impact category
• 8.3 Substances contributing to the impact category
• 8.4 Updating of the normalisation reference for Denmark
• 8.5 The normalisation reference for EU-15
• 8.6 The normalisation reference for selected European countries
• 8.7 Worldwide normalisation reference for nutrient enrichment
• 8.8 Evaluation of uncertainties
• 8.9 Recommendation for future updating
• 8.10 References
• Appendix A: Important parameters in relation to nutrient enrichment

9 Human toxicity

• 9.1 Summary
• 9.2 Description of the impact category
• 9.3 Substances and data sources
• 9.4 Methodology
• 9.5 Normalisation references
• 9.6 Recommendations for future updating
• 9.7 References
• Appendix A: Data sources
• Appendix B.1: Extrapolations and data handling
• Appendix B.2: Effect factors
• Appendix C: Data and calculation of normalisation references
• Appendix D: Distribution of impact potentials

10 Ecotoxicity

• 10.1 Summary
• 10.2 Description of the impact category
• 10.3 Methodology
• 10.4 Normalisation reference - Aquatic environment
• 10.5 Normalisation reference - Terrestrial environment
• 10.6 Normalisation references
• 10.7 Comparison with the previously used normalisation reference
• 10.8 Evaluation of uncertainties
• 10.9 Recommendations
• 10.10 References
• Appendix A: Emissions to the aquatic enironment, metals
• Appendix B.1 Emissions to the aquatic environment, organic substances - Denmark
• Appendix B.2: Emissions to the aquatic environment, organic substances - EU-15
• Appendix C: Emissions to the aquatic environment, atmospheric deposition
• Appendix D: Emissions to the terrestrial environment, pesticides
• Appendix E.1: Emissions to the terrestrial environment, sewage sludge applied in agriculture - Denmark
• Appendix E.2: Emissions to the terrestrial environment, sewage sludge applied in agriculture - EU-15

11 Calculation of weighting factors

• 11.1 Summary
• 11.2 Definition of "weighting" procedures
• 11.3 Scope of weighting procedure
• 11.4 Different weighting methods
• 11.5 Global warming
• 11.6 Stratospheric ozone depletion
• 11.7 Photochemical ozone creation (POC)
• 11.8 Acidification
• 11.9 Nutrient enrichment
• 11.10 Ecotoxicity
• 11.11 Human toxicity
• 11.12 Comparison of existing and new weighting factors
• 11.13 Methodological concerns
• 11.14 Recommendation for future updating
• 11.15 References:

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Version 1.0 April 2005, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency