Miljøprojekt, 1070 – Risikovurdering af Giardia og Cryptosporidium i vand

Risikovurdering af Giardia og Cryptosporidium i vand

Bilag D

1 Komplette tabeller med forekomstdata

1.1 Forekomst i grundvand

V: Volumen undersøgt pr. udtagning. N: Antal prøver udtaget. M: Antal prøver pr. prøvested. n: antal positive prøver. : Middelværdi.

Tabel 1 Forekomst af Cryptosporidium i grundvand

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Der blev fundet Cryptosporidier i 5% (7 af 149) af vertikale brønde/boringer, 20% (7 af 35) af kilder, 50% (2 af 4) infiltrationsgallerier, 45% (5 af 11) horisontale brønde/boringer. Der er ingen koncentrationer opdelt på kilde.

Tabel 2 Forekomst af Giardia i grundvand

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Der blev fundet Giardia i 1% (2 af 149) af vertikale brønde/boringer, 14% (5 af 35) af kilder, 25% (1 af 4) infiltrationsgallerier, 36% (4 af 11) horisontale brønde/boringer. Der er ingen koncentrationer opdelt på kilde.

1.2 Forekomst i overfladevand

Tabel 3 Forekomst af Cryptosporidium i overfladevand.

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Tabel 4 Forekomst af Giardia i overfladevand.

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1.3 Forekomst i spildevand

Tabel 5 Forekomst af Cryptosporidium i spildevand

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Tabel 6 Forekomst af Giardia i spildevand

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1.4 Forekomst i svømmebade

Tabel 7 Forekomst af Cryptosporidium i bassiner

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Tabel 8 Forekomst af Giardia i bassiner

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1.5 Referencer

Albrechtsen, H.-J. Undersøgelse for patogener i udvalgte vandværker. 786, 1-71. 2003. Miljøstyrelsen.

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Carraro,E., Fea,E., Salva,S., and Gilli,G. (2000) Impact of a wastewater treatment plant on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts occrurring in a surface water. Water Science and Technology 41 (7), 31-37.

Enriquez,V., Rose,J.B., Enriquez,C.E., and Gerba,C.P. (1995) Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in secondary and tertiary wasterwater effluents. In: Betts,W.B., Casemore,D., Fricker,C.R., Smith,H., and Watkins,J. (eds), pp. 84-86, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Scence Park, Cambridge, Great Britain.

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Hancock,C.M., Rose,J.B., and Callahan,M. (1998) Cryptosporidium and Giardia in US groundwater. Journal of American Water Works Association 90 (3), 58-61.

Hansen, A. and Stenström, T. A. Kartlägning av Giardia och Cryptosporidium i svenska ytvattentäkter. Allestam, G., Smith, J., and Vessey, G. 1998. Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, Smittskyddsinstitutet och Livsmedelsverket.

Hunt,D.A., Sebugwawo,S., and et al. (1994) Cryptosporidiosis associated with a swimming complex. Communi.Dis.Rep. 4 R20-R22.

Karanis,P., Papadopoulou,C., Kimura,A., Economou,E., Kourenti,C., and Sakkas,H. (2002) Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking, and recreational water of Northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 30 (1), 49-58.

Karanis,P., Schoenen,D., and Seitz,H.M. (1998) Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany. Water Science and Technology 37 (2), 9-18.

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LeChevallier,M. and Norton,W.D. (1995) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and finished water. Journal of American Water Works Association 87 (9), 54-68.

LeChevallier,M.W., Norton,W.D., and Atherholt,T.B. (1997) Protozoa in open reservoirs. Journal of American Water Works Association 89 (9), 84-96.

Mayer,C.L. and Palmer,C.J. (1996) Evaluation of PCR, nested PCR, and fluorescent antibodies for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species in wastewater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (6), 2081-2085.

Medema,G.J. and Schijven,J.F. (2001) Modelling the sewage discharge and dispersion of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water. Water Research 35 (18), 4307-4316.

Mølgaard, K., Nickelsen, C., and la Cour Jansen, J. Hygiejnisk kvalitet af spildevand fra offentlige renseanlæg. 684, 1-85. 2002. Miljøstyrelsen, Miljøministeriet. Miljøprojekt.

Ottoson,J. (2001) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Swedish wastewater treatment plants. Vatten 57 283-289.

Robertson, L. J. and Gjerde, B. Cryptosporidium og Giardia i drikkevasskjelder i Noreg. SNT - Rapport 6. 2000. SNT.

Robertson,L.J., Smith,H.V., and Paton,C.A. (1995) Occurence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage influents in six sewage treatment plants in Scootland and prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis diagnosed in the community served by those plants. In: Betts,W.B., Casemore,D., Fricker,C.R., Smith,H., and Watkins,J. (eds), pp. 47-49, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Cambridge, Great Britain.

Rose,J.B., Dickson,L.J., Farrah,S.R., and Carnahan,R.P. (1996) Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility. Water Research 30 (11), 2785-2797.

Rose,J.B., Gerba,C.P., and Jakubowski,W.M. (1991) Survey of potable water supplies for Cryptospordium and Giardia. Environmental Science and Technology 25 1393-1400.

Rouquet,V., Homer,F., Brignon,J.M., Bonne,P., and Cavard,J. (2000) Source and occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Paris rivers. Water Science and Technology 41 (7), 79-86.

States,S., Stadterman,K., Ammon,L., Vogel,P., Baldizar,J., Wright,D., Conley,L., and Sykora,J. (1997) Protozoa in river water: sources, occurrence and treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association 89 (9), 74-83.