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Environmental Factors and Health

Contents

Preface
 
Summary and Conclusions
 
1 Basic information about Denmark
 
2 Environmental factors with possible health implications
2.1 Health definition
2.2 Definitions of system components
2.2.1 Generic model of system
2.2.2 Development of and exposure to environmental factors
2.2.3 Components
2.3 Environmental health factors
2.3.1 Microbiological factors
2.3.2 Physical factors
2.3.3 Chemical factors
2.4 Primary sources and producers
2.4.1 Industry 
2.4.2 Agriculture and forestry
2.4.3 Energy production
2.4.4 Waste disposal and treatment facilities
2.4.5 Humans
2.5 Products and waste
2.5.1 Chemical substances and (consumer) products
2.5.2 Fertilisers, agrochemicals and biocides
2.5.3 Industrial waste
2.5.4 Non-industrial waste
2.6 Environmental media and exposure of humans
2.6.1 Environmental media
2.6.2 Exposure of humans
2.6.3 Policy in relation to the protection of human health
2.6.4 Regulatory approach 
2.7 References 
 
3 The Regulatory Framework 
3.1 The institutional set-up 
3.1.1 National level 
3.1.2 County level 
3.1.3 Municipal level
3.2 Mechanisms of co-ordination
3.2.1 Co-ordination with food authorities 
3.2.2 Co-ordination with health authorities 
3.3 Danish environmental law
3.3.1 European Union 
3.3.2 The influence of international co-operation 
3.3.3 Principles of Danish environmental law 
3.3.4 Principles of administrative law 
3.3.5 Legislative framework 
3.4 Environmental rights 
3.4.1 Access to information 
3.4.2 Access to public participation in environmental decision-making
3.4.3 Access to justice
3.5 Instruments in Danish environmental and health policy
3.5.1 Integrative instruments
3.5.2 Regulatory instruments
3.5.3 Economic instruments
3.5.4 Informative and other instruments
3.6 References
 
4 A historical overview of environmental policy in Denmark
4.1 Initial recognition of health and environmental problems (1960-1972)
4.1.1 Waste disposal
4.1.2 Wastewater
4.1.3 The environmental movement
4.1.4 The political initiatives
4.1.5 The dominant environmental understanding
4.2 Implementation of comprehensive environmental regulation (1973-1991)
4.2.1 The regulatory set-up
4.2.2 Concern for the global effect of pollution
4.2.3 Denmark as an EU member state
4.2.4 Action plans
4.2.5 The dominant understanding
4.3 Prevention of environmental problems (1992-98)
4.3.1 Effect on society
4.3.2 Local Agenda 21
4.3.3 The political consumer
4.3.4 Environmental standardisation
4.3.5 Integrated Product Policy
4.3.6 Other initiatives
4.3.7 The dominant understanding
4.3.8 The influence of EU
4.4 Summing up
4.5 References
 
5 Air
5.1 Human exposure to environmental factors
5.1.1 Environmental factors
5.1.2 Sources of pollutants
5.1.3 Observed levels of pollutants
5.1.4 Human exposure
5.1.5 Health significance of air pollution
5.2 Level of protection
5.2.1 Air quality norms
5.3 Regulation and strategy
5.3.1 Environmental objectives of industry
5.3.2 Environmental objectives of energy supply
5.3.3 Environmental objectives of transportation
5.3.4 Legislation on air pollution
5.4 Regulatory instruments
5.4.1 Guidelines/Norms
5.4.2 Approvals, etc.
5.4.3 Environmental impact assessment
5.4.4 Monitoring instruments
5.4.5 Planning instruments
5.4.6 Environmental agreements
5.4.7 Quotas
5.4.8 Economic instruments
5.5 Actors
5.6 Evaluation
5.7 References
 
6 Soil
6.1 Human exposure to environmental factors
6.1.1 Environmental factors
6.1.2 Sources of pollutants
6.1.3 Human exposure
6.2 Level of protection 
6.2.1 Risk assessment
6.2.2 Quality criteria
6.3 Regulation and strategy
6.3.1 Objectives and principles
6.3.2 Legislation on soil contamination
6.4 Instruments
6.4.1 Regulatory instruments
6.4.2 Economic instruments
6.5 Actors
6.6 Evaluation
6.7 References
 
7 Drinking Water
7.1 Human exposure to environmental factors
7.1.1 Environmental factors
7.1.2 Sources of pollutants
7.1.3 Human exposure
7.2 Level of protection
7.2.1 Quality criteria/norms
7.3 Regulation and strategy
7.3.1 Objectives and principles
7.3.2 Legislation on drinking water protection
7.4 Instruments
7.4.1 Regulatory instruments
7.4.2 Economic instruments
7.5 Actors
7.6 Evaluation
7.7 References
 
8 Bathing Water – Coastal and Fresh-waters
8.1 Human exposure to environmental factors
8.1.1 Environmental factors
8.1.2 Sources of pollutants
8.1.3 Human exposure
8.2 Level of Protection
8.3 Regulation and strategy
8.4 Instruments
8.4.1 Regulatory instruments
8.5 Actors
8.6 Evaluation
8.7 References
 
9 Swimming pools, spas and similar recreational water environments
9.1 Human exposure to environmental factors
9.1.1 Environmental factors
9.1.2 Sources of pollutants
9.1.3 Human exposure
9.2 Level of Protection
9.3 Regulation and strategy
9.4 Instruments
9.4.1 Regulatory instruments
9.5 Actors
9.6 Evaluation
9.7 References
 
10 Chemical substances and products
10.1 Human exposure to chemical factors
10.1.1 Chemical factors
10.1.2 Sources and exposure
10.1.3 Risk to human health
10.2 Level of protection
10.2.1 Pre-marketing approval
10.2.2 Classification and labelling of substances and preparations
10.2.3 Risk assessment of chemical substances
10.2.4 Restrictions in use
10.2.5 Precautionary principle
10.2.6 Protection of vulnerable groups
10.3 Regulation and strategy
10.3.1 The Danish strategy
10.3.2 Objectives and principles
10.3.3 Legislation on chemical substances and products
10.3.4 Legislative background
10.3.5 Instruments
10.4 Actors
10.5 Evaluation
10.6 References
 
11 Waste
11.1 Human Exposure to environmental factors
11.1.1 General waste stream
11.1.2 Waste treatment facilities
11.2 Level of protection
11.3 Regulatory framework
11.3.1 Objectives and principles
11.3.2 Legislation on waste management
11.4 Instruments
11.4.1 Regulatory instruments
11.4.2 Economic instruments
11.5 Actors
11.6 Evaluation
11.7 References
 
12 Wastewater
12.1 Human Exposure to Environmental Factors
12.1.1 Environmental factors
12.1.2 Wastewater Management
12.1.3 Wastewater Treatment
12.2 Level of protection
12.3 Regulatory Framework
12.3.1 Objectives and Principles
12.3.2 Legislation
12.4 Instruments
12.4.1 Regulatory Instruments
12.4.2 Economic Instruments
12.5 Actors
12.6 Evaluation
12.7 References
 
13 Noise
13.1 Human exposure to environmental noise
13.1.1 Environmental factors
13.1.2 Sources
13.1.3 Human exposure
13.2 Level of protection
13.3 Regulation and strategies
13.3.1 Objectives and principles
13.3.2 Legislation on noise abatement
13.4 Instruments
13.4.1 Regulatory instruments
13.4.2 Planning instruments
13.4.3 Economic instruments
13.5 Actors
13.6 Evaluation
13.7 References
 
Appendix 1: Principles for derivation of health based guidance values and quality criteria for chemical substances
 
Appendix 2: Overview of economic instruments in Denmark (taxes, fees, etc.)
 
Appendix 3: EU Ambient air quality limit values
 
Appendix 4: Quality requirements to drinking water
 
Appendix 5: Classification of substances and preparations
 
Appendix 6: Main EU Directives on chemicals
 
Appendix 7: Objectives and health aspects of specific waste fractions
 
Appendix 8: Legislative documents and provisions for specific waste functions

 

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