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Substitution of cobalt driers and methyl ethyl ketoxime

Contents

Preface

Sammenfatning og konklusioner

• Screening
• Resultater fra den tekniske evaluering
• Miljø- og sundhedsmæssig vurdering
• Samlet vurdering

Summary and conclusions

• Screening
• Results from technical evaluation
• Environmental and health assessment
• Overall evaluation

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Project objects
• 1.2 Search for alternatives
• 1.3 Project limitations

2 Air-drying systems

• 2.1 Vegetable oils
• 2.2 Drying mechanism
• 2.3 Air-drying coating/binder types
  • 2.3.1 Vegetable oils
  • 2.3.2 Alkyd binders2.3.3 Epoxy ester
  • 2.3.3 Epoxy ester Anlæg der er omfattet

3 Driers

• 3.1 Chemical structure
• 3.2 Primary driers
  • 3.2.1 Cobalt
  • 3.2.2 Manganese (traditional)
  • 3.2.3 Vanadium
  • 3.2.4 Iron
  • 3.2.5 Cerium
• 3.3 Drying accelerators
• 3.4 Alternative driers
• 3.5 Secondary driers
  • 3.5.1 Zirconium
  • 3.5.2 Aluminium
  • 3.5.3 Rare earth metal driers
  • 3.5.4 Bismuth
  • 3.5.5 Strontium
  • 3.5.6 Lead
  • 3.5.7 Barium
  • 3.5.8 Lithium
  • 3.5.9 Calcium
  • 3.5.10 Zinc
• 3.6 Guidelines for use of driers
  • 3.6.1 Driers for waterborne systems

4 Anti-skinning agents

• 4.1 Function of anti-skinning agents
• 4.2 Types of anti-skinning agents
  • 4.2.1 Volatile anti-skinning agents
  • 4.2.2 Non-volatile anti-skinning agents (antioxidants)
• 4.3 Alternative anti-skinning agents

5 Description of evaluated systems

• 5.1 Products
  • 5.1.1 Do-it-yourself products
  • 5.1.2 Industrial products
  • 5.1.3 Printing inks
• 5.2 Alternative Cobalt free drier systems
  • 5.2.1 Alternatives to Co-driers
  • 5.2.2 Other driers
• 5.3 Alternative anti-skinning agents

6 Environmental and health screening

• 6.1 Screening of the drier products
  • 6.1.1 Evaluation of the driers
  • 6.1.2 Evaluation of the organic solvents
  • 6.1.3 Evaluation of the drying accelerators
  • 6.1.4 Overall evaluation of the drier products
• 6.2 Screening of the anti-skinning agents / antioxidants
  • 6.2.1 Evaluation of the anti-skinning agents
  • 6.2.2 Evaluation of the organic solvents
  • 6.2.3 Overall evaluation of the anti-skinning agent systems

7 Technical evaluation

• 7.1 Do-It-Yourself and industrial products
  • 7.1.1 Procedure for technical evaluation
  • 7.1.2 Preparation of test systems
  • 7.1.3 Used methods
• 7.2 Printing Ink
  • 7.2.1 Sample preparation
  • 7.2.2 Used methods

8 Results from technical evaluation

• 8.1 Substitution of cobalt driers
  • 8.1.1 Overall results for do-it-yourself products
  • 8.1.2 Overall results for the industrial products
  • 8.1.3 Overall results for printing inks
• 8.2 Alternative anti-skinning agents
  • 8.2.1 DIY and Industrial products
  • 8.2.2 Printing inks

9 Environmental and health assessment

• 9.1 Driers
  • 9.1.1 Cobalt driers
  • 9.1.2 Manganese driers
  • 9.1.3 Vanadium driers
  • 9.1.4 Evaluation of the driers
• 9.2 Anti-skinning agents / antioxidants
  • 9.2.1 Methyl ethyl ketoxime
  • 9.2.2 Hydroquinone
  • 9.2.3 Organic amino compound
  • 9.2.4 Vitamin E
  • 9.2.5 Evaluation of the anti-skinning agents/antioxidants
• 9.3 Petroleum distillates
  • 9.3.1 Evaluation of petroleum distillates

10 Discussion

• 10.1 Overall evaluation
• 10.2 Future prospects

11 References

Appendix A

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Version 1.0 December 2003, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency