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Survey and environmental/health assessment of fluorinated substances in impregnated consumer products and impregnating agents

Contents

Preface

• List of used acronyms

Summary and conclusions

1 Background, goal and target group

• 1.1 Background
  • 1.1.1 Chemistry
  • 1.1.2 Production and useg
  • 1.1.3 Global pollutants
  • 1.1.4 Known polyfluorinated substances
  • 1.1.5 Projects on perfluorinated substances carried out previously in Denmark
• 1.2 Purpose
• 1.3 Methods applied for the survey

2 Producers of fluorinated compounds

3 Fluorinated substances identified

• 3.1 Contact to companies
• 3.2 Internet search
• 3.3 Information obtained from the Danish Product Register
  • 3.3.1 Search in the Danish Product Register
  • 3.3.2 Fluorinated substances identified in the Danish Product Register
  • 3.3.3 The identified substances and their uses
  • 3.3.4 The identified substances and their OECD grouping
  • 3.3.5 Comparison with the former search in 2001

4 Occurrence in consumer products

• 4.1 Occurrence in impregnating agents
  • 4.1.1 Impregnating agents for footwear
  • 4.1.2 Impregnating agents for carpets and mats
  • 4.1.3 Impregnating agents for textiles, leathers and furniture
  • 4.1.4 Impregnating agents for car interiors (textiles)
• 4.2 Occurrence in impregnated products
  • 4.2.1 Clothes
  • 4.2.2 Waterproof clothing and all-weather clothes
  • 4.2.3 Footwear
  • 4.2.4 Furniture
  • 4.2.5 Carpets and mats
  • 4.2.6 Sunshades/awnings, tents, umbrellas and parasols
• 4.3 Occurrence in other relevant products
  • 4.3.1 Paints
  • 4.3.2 Printing inks
  • 4.3.3 Auto polish and -wax
  • 4.3.4 Floor polish
  • 4.3.5 Ski wax
  • 4.3.6 Cleaning agents for glass

5 Consumption of fluorinated substances in Denmark

• 5.1 Experiences
• 5.2 Results

6 Environmental assessment of polyfluoroalkylated substances

• 6.1 Environmental chemistry, pathways and levels
  • 6.1.1 Background
  • 6.1.2 Physical-chemical properties
  • 6.1.3 Degradation
• 6.2 Environmental fate and levels
  • 6.2.1 Environmental release
  • 6.2.2 Levels in the ambient air and precipitation
  • 6.2.3 Levels indoors
  • 6.2.4 Occurrence in remote area and long-range transportation
  • 6.2.5 Levels in environmental waters, groundwater and drinking water
  • 6.2.6 Levels in wastewater and sludge
  • 6.2.7 Levels in soil and sediments
  • 6.2.8 Levels in biota and wildlife
• 6.3 Ecotoxicity
• 6.4 Environmental risk assessment

7 Human exposure

• 7.1 Consumer products
• 7.2 Air exposure
• 7.3 Non-stick cookware
• 7.4 Paper impregnation and migration into food
• 7.5 Food intake
• 7.6 Drinking water
• 7.7 Overall exposure scenarios

8 Levels of polyfluoroalkylated substances in human tissues

• 8.1 Levels in human milk
• 8.2 Levels in human blood
  • 8.2.1 Occupational exposure
  • 8.2.2 General population exposure
  • 8.2.3 Cord blood
• 8.3 Levels in semen
• 8.4 Levels in the liver

9 Toxicity to humans

• 9.1 Biochemical effects
• 9.2 Cancer
• 9.3 Developmental toxicity

10 Animal bioassays and in vitro tests

• 10.1 Toxicokinetics and metabolism
  • 10.1.1 Absorption
  • 10.1.2 Biotransformation
  • 10.1.3 Accumulation
  • 10.1.4 Elimination
• 10.2 Toxicology
  • 10.2.1 Acute toxicity
  • 10.2.2 Effects on the liver
  • 10.2.3 Toxicological mechanism
  • 10.2.4 Toxicogenomics
  • 10.2.5 Effects on cell membranes
  • 10.2.6 Effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics
  • 10.2.7 Effect on intercellular communication
  • 10.2.8 Developmental toxicity
  • 10.2.9 Endocrine disruption
  • 10.2.10 Mutagenicityt
  • 10.2.11 Cancer
  • 10.2.12 Cocktail effects
• 10.3 Structure-activity relations

11 Human risk assessment

• 11.1 Toxicological summary
• 11.2 Tolerable daily intake

12 General discussion, conclusions and recommendations

• 12.1 Discussion, conclusions and recommendations concerning the chemical family
• 12.2 Discussion, conclusions and recommendations concerning the use survey
• 12.3 Discussion, conclusions and recommendations concerning the environmental impacts
• 12.4 Discussion, conclusions and recommendations concerning the human health impacts

13 References

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Version 1.0 October 2008, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency