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Effects of Mechanical Weed Control in Spring Cereals – Flora, Fauna and Economy

Contents

Preface

Sammenfatning

Summary

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Background
• 1.2 Aim and conditions

2 Methods

• 2.1 Study sites and general design of the field study
• 2.2 Weeds and arthropods
  • 2.2.1 Field study
  • 2.2.2 Field arena experiments
• 2.3 Birds
  • 2.3.1 Skylark
  • 2.3.2 Lapwing and Oystercatcher
  • 2.3.3 Data analysis
• 2.4 Weed control
  • 2.4.1 Data for an increased number of post-emergence harrowings
  • 2.4.2 Data on chemical and mechanical weed control strategies
  • 2.4.3 Data on barley varieties and seed densities weed control effect
• 2.5 Statistical methods and modelling
  • 2.5.1 Weeds and arthropods
  • 2.5.2 Birds
  • 2.5.3 Weed control

3 Results

• 3.1 Weeds and arthropods
  • 3.1.1 Field experiment
  • 3.1.2 Field arena experiments
• 3.2 Birds
  • 3.2.1 Skylark
  • 3.2.2 Lapwing
  • 3.2.3 Oystercatcher
• 3.3 Weed control
  • 3.3.1 Six field trials with repeated weed harrowings
  • 3.3.2 Modelling approach and more weeding trials
  • 3.3.3 Weed cost and yield loss
  • 3.3.4 Arthropods and weed costs

4 Discussion

• 4.1 Weeds and arthropods
• 4.2 Birds
  • 4.2.1 Skylark
  • 4.2.2 Lapwing and Oystercatcher
• 4.3 Weed control
  • 4.3.1 The economic objective
  • 4.3.2 Six weed harrowing trials
  • 4.3.3 More field trials and a modelling approach
  • 4.3.4 Herbicides versus weed harrowing
  • 4.3.5 Weed harrowing and timing
  • 4.3.6 Weed harrowing, herbicides and biodiversity
• 4.4 General discussion

5 Conclusions and Perspectives

• 5.1 Conclusions
• 5.2 Perspectives
  • 5.2.1 Perspectives for management
  • 5.2.2 Perspectives for further research

6 References

Appendix A - Names of organisms studied

Appendix B - Birds

Appendix C - Statistical models

Appendix D - Data used for modelling plant–arthropod relationships

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Version 1.0 August 2007, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency