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Effects of Pesticides on Bombina bombina in Natural Pond Ecosystems

Contents

Preface

Summary

Dansk sammendrag

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Background and aims
• 1.2 Biology of Bombina bombina
• 1.3 Criteria for selecting Bombina bombina

2 Localities

• 2.1 Criteria for selection of localities
• 2.2 Description of localities

3 Methods

• 3.1 Field work programme
• 3.2 Enclosures
• 3.3 Vegetation and buffer zone
• 3.4 Population of Bombina bombina
  • 3.4.1 Population size and survival of adults
  • 3.4.2 Breeding success
  • 3.4.3 Eggs for experiments
• 3.5 Experiments with Bombina bombina
  • 3.5.1 Hatching of eggs and survival of small tadpoles
  • 3.5.2 Growth and survival of large tadpoles
• 3.6 Sampling and analysis
  • 3.6.1 Pesticides
  • 3.6.2 Food Quality Index
  • 3.6.3 Water temperature and water level
• 3.7 Landowner interview
• 3.8 Statistics

4 Results

• 4.1 Vegetation in ponds
• 4.2 Buffer zones
• 4.3 Pesticides
• 4.4 Pesticides and buffer zone
• 4.5 Population of Bombina bombina
  • 4.5.1 Population size and breeding
  • 4.5.2 Survival of adults
• 4.6 Enclosure experiment with Bombina bombina
  • 4.6.1 Hatching of eggs
  • 4.6.2 Survival of newly hatched tadpoles
  • 4.6.3 Growth and survival of large tadpoles
  • 4.6.4 Metamorphosis
• 4.7 Food Quality Index
• 4.8 Water temperature and water level
• 4.9 Summing up of results

5 Effects of pesticides

6 Discussion

• 6.1 Pesticide concentrations
  • 6.1.1 Herbicides
  • 6.1.2 Insecticides
  • 6.1.3 Fungicides
• 6.2 Sources of contamination
• 6.3 Buffer zone and spray drift
  • 6.3.1 Establishing a safe distance
  • 6.3.2 Height of vegetation
  • 6.3.3 Practical measures to minimize spray drift
  • 6.3.4 Effect of farm size
• 6.4 Food Quality Index
• 6.5 Survival and growth of eggs and tadpoles
  • 6.5.1 Hatching of eggs
  • 6.5.2 Survival of tadpoles
  • 6.5.3 Growth of tadpoles
  • 6.5.4 Metamorphosis
• 6.6 Survival of adults

7 Conclusion

8 References

9 Abbreviations

Appendix A

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Version 1.0 October 2004, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency