TABLE OF CONTENTS
Data
Sheet
Foreword
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1. Idea,
target group, scope
1.2. Main elements of
environmental legislation
1.3. Structure of the book
2 Denmark
and its environmental problems
2.1. Basic
information
2.2. Sources of pollution in
Denmark
2.2.1. The trade and industry sector
2.2.2. The energy sector
2.2.3. The transport sector
2.2.4. The agricultural sector
2.2.5. Consumers
2.3. State of the
environment and environmental problems
2.3.1. Surface waters
2.3.2. Groundwater and soil
2.3.3. Air
2.3.4. Waste
2.3.5. Noise
2.3.6. Safety problems
2.4. Political attitude to
the environment
L I T E R A T U R E
3 Denmark
as a member of the EU/EC
3.1. Basic
characteristics of the EU/EC
3.2. Environmental
regulation in the EC
3.2.1. The first phase 1972-1987
3.2.2. The second phase 1987-1993
3.2.3. The third phase - after Maastricht
3.3. Interplay between the
EC and Member States on the environmental front
3.3.1. Framing and follow-up of EC rules
3.3.2. National rules
3.4. Danish policy in
relation to the EC’s environmental policy
3.5. The European
Environment Agency
3.6. Other international
obligations on the environmental front
3.7. Danish environmental
support schemes
L I T E R A T U R E
4 Decision-making
processes in Denmark
4.1. National
authorities
4.1.1. The Danish Parliament
4.1.2. The Minister for Environment and Energy and the Ministry of
Environment and Energy
4.1.3. The Environmental Board of Appeals and the Nature Protection
Board of Appeals
4.1.4. Other ministries
4.2. The role of
organizations in environmental policy
4.2.1. The Confederation of Danish Industries and other trade and
industry organizations
4.2.2. The Municipal organizations
4.2.3. The so-called "green" organizations
4.3. Decentralization to the
Counties and Municipalities
4.3.1. The Counties
4.3.2. The Municipalities
4.3.3. Evaluation and trends
4.4. Danish administrative
law
4.4.1. Main line of thought
4.4.2. The principle of freedom of information
4.4.3. Contradiction
4.4.4. The most important legislative regulatory instruments
4.4.5. Agreements
4.4.6. The role of neighbours and the organizations in the
administrative process
L I T E R A T U R E
5 Environmental
requirements to industry
5.1. From the
Environmental Protection Act of 1973 to that of 1991
5.1.1. The strategy for combating pollution
5.1.2. From dilution to treatment to cleaner technology
5.1.3. From complaints by neighbours to global environmental
problems
5.1.4. The 1991 Environmental Protection Act - Continuity
5.2. The term "listed
enterprise"
5.2.1. "Post-74" listed enterprises
5.2.2. "Pre-74" listed enterprises
5.3. Environmental
requirements
5.3.1. Placement
5.3.2. Trade effluent
5.3.3. Air pollution
5.3.4. Noise
5.3.5. Hazards
5.3.6. Waste oils and chemicals
5.3.7. Non-hazardous waste
5.3.8. Internal control
5.3.9. Environmental accounts
5.4. New more stringent
environmental requirements
L I T E R A T U R E
6 Environmental
requirements to certain polluting plants and transport facilities
6.1. Genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
6.2. Clean fuels
6.3. Power stations
6.4. Municipal sewage
treatment plants
6.5. Waste incineration
plants
6.6. Landfills
6.7. Airports
6.8. Small enterprises
6.8.1. Vehicle repair shops
6.8.2. Windmills
6.8.3. Registered enterprises
6.8.4. Small enterprises - specific injunctions
6.9. Transport (vehicles and
aircraft, etc.)
6.9.1. Measures directed at the source
6.9.2. Measures directed at traffic
6.9.3. Noise abatement measures
6.10. Pollution from ships and
platforms - Protection of the marine environment - Bridges
6.10.1. Ship-based pollution
6.10.2. Land-based pollution
6.10.3. Major bridge projects
L I T E R A T U R E
7 Environmental
requirements to agriculture and aquaculture
7.1. Agriculture
and the EC
7.2. Danish environmental
requirements to agriculture
7.2.1. Trends and strategies
7.2.2. Requirements currently in force
7.3. Progress on
environmental regulation of agriculture
7.4. The Watercourse Act and
the Ochre Act
7.5. Aquaculture
L I T E R A T U R E
8 Environmental
requirements to consumers
8.1. Waste and
recycling
8.1.1. Bottle recycling system
8.1.2. Municipal household waste collection service
8.1.3. Agreements on special waste streams
8.2. Drinking water
8.3. Sewage disposal from
dwellings outside the sewerage system
8.4. Subterranean storage
tanks for heating oil
8.5. Disputes between
neighbours
L I T E R A T U R E
9 Dangerous
substances
9.1. Handling
of dangerous substances
9.2. New chemical substances
9.3. Other uniform
regulations on pesticides and industrial chemicals
9.4. Pesticides
9.4.1. Plant protection products
9.4.2. Biocidal products
9.5. Industrial chemicals,
etc.
9.5.1. Measures to protect human health
9.5.2. Measures to protect the environment
L I T E R A T U R E
10 Contarminated
land
10.1. Course of events
and strategies
10.1.1. Existing contaminated sites
10.1.2. Newer contaminated sites
10.1.3. Course of events
10.1.4. Strategies
10.2. Site registration and limitation
of the right of disposal
10.3. Voluntary, private remediation.
Criteria
10.3.1. Voluntary, private remediation
10.3.2. Criteria
10.4. Public remediation (existing
contaminated sites)
10.4.1. Administrative organization
10.4.2. Financial aspects
10.4.3. Practice with respect to remediation projects
10.4.4. Soil decontamination
10.4.5. Position of site owners
10.4.6. Progress
10.5. The Danish Oil Industries’
Environmental Clean-up Association
10.6. The Depreciation Protection Act
(existing and newer sites)
10.7. Newer contaminated sites
10.8. Recovery of remediation costs
from the polluter
10.9. Overall evaluation of experience
with administration of the contaminated land problem
L I T E R A T U R E
11 Requirements as
to the state of the environment
11.1. Strategic
considerations
11.2. Surface waters
11.3. Bathing water
11.4. Groundwater
11.5. Air
L I T E R A T U R E
12 Service charges
and environmental levies
12.1. Service charges
12.1.1. Charges for sewage disposal
12.1.2. Charges for the supply of water
12.1.3. Charges for refuse collection
12.1.4. Charges for disposal of hazardous waste
12.1.5. Charges for environmental authorization and supervision
12.2. Environmental levies
12.2.1. Vehicle fuel
12.2.2. Waste levy
12.2.3. CO2 levy
12.2.4. Water supply and sewage disposal levies
12.2.5. SO2 levy
12.2.6. Pesticides
12.2.7. Miscellaneous levies
L I T E R A T U R E
13 Enforcement
13.1. Historical
development
13.1.1. First phase - 1974-86
13.1.2. Recognition of the problem - around 1985
13.1.3. Second phase - From 1987 to the present
13.2. Supervisory system
13.2.1. The Municipalities
13.2.2. The Counties
13.2.3. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency
13.2.4. Special powers
13.3. Administrative enforcement
13.4. The question of compensation for
environmental damages
13.5. The Danish police and courts
13.5.1. The police
13.5.2. The prosecution
13.5.3. The courts
13.5.4. The path into the judicial system taken by criminal environmental cases
13.6. Criminal proceedings
13.6.1. Indictment of enterprises
13.6.2. Indictment of Municipalities
13.6.3. Indictment of individuals
13.6.4. Local politicians - dereliction of duty
13.6.5. Simple negligence
13.6.6. Analyses and measurements
13.6.7. 5-year statute of limitations
13.6.8. Summary
13.7. Severity of penalties
13.7.1. The start around 1980
13.7.2. The trend since the early 1980s
13.7.3. Penalties in industrial cases
13.7.4. Penalties in agricultural cases
13.7.5. Penalties in consumer cases
13.7.6. Summary
L I T E R A T U R E
14 Conclusion: Top
Ten