Modern Windships; Phase 2

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Project Strategy
Background
Strategy for Phase 2
Definitions

3. Rig Design
The Difference between a Traditional Sailing Ship and a Modern WindShip
Traditional Sailing Ships
Former WindShip Projects
The Rig of the WindShip - Phase 1
Brainstorming and New Alternatives
Alternatives to Sailcloth
CFD Calculations

4. The High-Lift Wing Mast
High-Lift Alternatives
Choosing a Rig
Wind Tunnel Tests
Results and Conclusion
The Performance of the Sail Mast Compared with the Wing mast
Relation between Performance and Price
Conclusion

5. Detailed Rig Design
Safety and Reliability
Behaviour of the Wing Mast in the Survival Mode
Turning of the Entire Mast
Turning of the Flaps.
Alternative I
Alternative II
Alternative III
Alternative IV – The Final Choice
Turning of the Four Horizontal Shafts
Fixing the Rotating Sections in a Vertical Position
Fixing the Flap to the Slat in the Folded-Up Position
Fastening of the Slats
High Lift Profile, Choice of Materials
Material Choice for the High Lift Profiles, Conclusion
Material Choice for the Mast
Material Choice for the Mast, Conclusion
Material Properties
Steel Material
Fibre Composite Properties
Core Material Properties
Structural Putty/Glue

6. Design Loads
Rules, Regulations, Standards, and Other Sources of Information
Short Background on Design Wind Load
Wind Speed Calculations
Wind Pressures
Ship’s Movements
Wind Speeds Updated with Actual Weather Statistics
Loads from Wind Tunnel Measurements of Single Rig
Dynamic Load
Individual Member Forces.
Acceleration Loads
Ice Loads
Sea Water Pressures
Other Loads
Design Loads, Summary
Factors of Safety

7. Strength Calculations using FEM
Scope of Work
Mast
Mast Foot
Flap
Buckling
Geometry used in FEM Calculations
Mast
Flap
Loads and Boundary Conditions
Mast
Flap
Results from FEM
Mast, Results
Mast Eigen-Frequency
Mast FE-model, Conclusion
Flap, Results
FE-Model of Flap Conclusion
Price and Weight Calculation
Summary and Conclusion regarding the Structural Design of the Wing mast
Loads
Weight
FEM Analysis
Computer Animation

8. Hull Design
Design of the Above-Water Hull
Tests Performed on the Hull
Wind Tunnel Tests of Above-Water Hull with Rig
Note on the Wind Tunnel Tests of Sails
The Hull Configuration Below the Waterline.
Rudder and Propulsion Systems
Propulsion Redundancy
Balancing the WindShip
WindShip Stability
Wind Tunnel Tests of Underwater Hull shapes
Tested Bow Types
The Four Tested Underwater Hull Configurations
Test Procedure
The Test Conclusions Summarised
Static Force Measurements of the Hull in Towing Tank
Model Description and Test Set-Up.
Test Conditions
Appendages
Summary and Conclusions from the Towing Tank Tests
PMM Tests
Speed, Drift and Heel
Speed, Drift, Rudder and Heel
Dynamic Course Stability

9. Simulations
Introduction
Assumptions and Restrictions
Results from the VPP
Simulations of Combined Propeller and Wind Forces
Polar Diagrams and Input to Weather Route Optimisation
Summary and Conclusion, using the VPP.
Notes on the Propulsion System, VPP and Weather Routing
Weather Routing
Assumptions and Restrictions
Trade Patterns
Calculations
Results
Weather Routing, Conclusion

10. Feasibility Study
Introduction
Background
Choice of Vessel Type
Route Selection
The Product Carrier
Fuel consumption of the Modern WindShip.
Comparison with a Conventional Ship
Assumptions
Scope of Analysis
Conclusion
Comments on the Mærsk Broker Study
The Impact of Bunker Prices
Lessons to be Learned
On the Choice of Vessels
On Trade patterns, Speed, Fuel Consumption and Productivity
Conclusion

11. Environmental issues
Fuel Savings and Emissions
Suitable Trades and Cargoes
New Regulations

12. Future Work and Improvements
Improvements of the Efficiency of the Rig
Reducing the Price of the Rig
Conclusion on Rig Optimisation
The Superstructure, Air Drag Improvements
Possible Improvements under the Waterline
Other Aspects
Computer Control System
Minor Items in the WindShip Design Still to be Considered
Planning of Future Work

13. Summary and Conclusion
Summary
Conclusion

14. References
Addresses:
Software

15. Index & Tables
Index of Figures
Index of Tables
List of Equations

16. Appendix

Appendix 1. Drawings
Drawing no. 1: General Arrangement
Drawing no. 2: Central Steel Mast and Mast Foot
Drawing no. 3: Hydraulics
Drawing no. 4: Fibreglass Panels

Appendix 2. Ship resistance, Theory and Background
Theory
Planer Motion Mechanism (PMM) Tests
Pure Yaw
Principles of Motion Generation
Speed Loss in Waves
Wave Spectrum
Added Resistance due to Waves
WindShip Speed Loss due to Waves

Appendix 3. Material choice, background
Steel
Aluminium
Space-frame/Fabric
Composites
Aluminium
Fibre Composites, Fibre Material

Appendix 4. Wind speed calculations
Survival condition
Full sail condition

Appendix 5. Calculation of Ship Motions and Accelerations
According to DN Volume 1, Pt. 3, Ch. 1, Sec. 4
Ship design factors given from the ship designers:
Surge, sway/yaw and heave accelerations: {B300}
Roll motion and acceleration: {B400}
Pitch motion and acceleration: {B500}
Combined vertical acceleration: {B600}
Combined transverse acceleration: {B700}
Combined longitudinal acceleration: {B800}
Combination between acceleration in different directions
Vertical and transverse force: {C500}
Vertical and longitudinal force:

Appendix 6 Calculation of the Dynamic Gust Factor , C_dyn
According to "Snö och vindlast", Chapter 3:322
Ship design factors given from the ship designers:
Dynamic gust factor, C_dyn
Reynolds number

Appendix 7. Wind Pressure Calculations

Appendix 8. Determination of Individual Forces on each Wing mast Member

Appendix 9. Price and Weight Calculation for the Wing mast.

Appendix 10. Fuel Consumption on the Atlantic and Indian-Pacific Trade Patterns

Appendix 11. Polar diagrams from DMI/SL.