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Dermal absorption of pesticides - evaluation of variability and prevention

Contents

Preface

Sammendrag

Summary

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Relevance

2 Human skin structure and function

• 2.1 Epidermis
  • 2.1.1 Stratum basale (germinativum)
  • 2.1.2 Stratum spinosum
  • 2.1.3 Stratum granulosum
  • 2.1.4 Stratum corneum
• 2.2 Dermis
• 2.3 Skin appendages

3 Skin penetration

• 3.1 Absorption mechanism
• 3.2 Absorption kinetics
  • 3.2.1 Fick’s first law
  • 3.2.2 Prediction of permeation
  • 3.2.3 Octanol-water partition coefficients
  • 3.2.4 Lag-time
  • 3.2.5 Reservoir effect

4 Methods to study dermal penetration

• 4.1 In vitro technique
  • 4.1.1 Static diffusion cells
  • 4.1.2 Flow-through system
  • 4.1.3 Advantages/disadvantages
• 4.2 In vivo technique
  • 4.2.1 Traditional in vivo technique
  • 4.2.2 Microdialysis
  • 4.2.3 Tape stripping
  • 4.2.4 Advantages/disadvantages
• 4.3 In vitro models versus in vivo models

5 Biological factors influencing skin absorption

• 5.1 Anatomical site
• 5.2 Age
• 5.3 Barrier function
• 5.4 Species
• 5.5 Metabolism
• 5.6 Hydration

6 Pesticides

• 6.1 History
• 6.2 Definition
• 6.3 Use
• 6.4 Toxicity
• 6.5 Symptoms

7 Effect of solubility and molecular size on skin penetration

• 7.1 Determining percutaneous penetration rate
• 7.2 Relation between Kρ and logPow
• 7.3 Association between lag-time and solubility
• 7.4 The relation between the lag-time and the molecular weight
• 7.5 Skin deposition and substance solubility
• 7.6 Molecular size in relation to substance solubility and deposition
• 7.7 Exposure in relation to occupational risk assessment

8 Effects of detergents on skin integrity and penetration

• 8.1 Surfactants
• 8.2 Effect of detergents on skin integrity

9 Concomitant exposure to pesticides and detergents

• 9.1 Approval of commercial products
• 9.2 Penetration profile of commercial products vs. the active ingredient
• 9.3 Mixture of pesticides
• 9.4 Conclusion

10 Penetration of pesticides through slightly damaged skin

• 10.1 OECD guidelines
• 10.2 Work-related skin problems
• 10.3 Trans Epidermal water Loss (TEWL)
• 10.4 Skin-damaging factors
  • 10.4.1 Detergents
  • 10.4.2 Organic solvents
  • 10.4.3 Hydration of the skin
  • 10.4.4 Mechanical damage
  • 10.4.5 Pathologically compromised skin barrier
  • 10.4.6 Distribution within the skin
• 10.5 Affecting skin integrity
• 10.6 Conclusion

11 Skin wash and temporary skin deposition

• 11.1 Skin deposition
• 11.2. Does skin wash-off remove pesticide residue from the skin surface?

12 Prevention of dermal absorption

• 12.1 Dermal exposure to pesticides
  • 12.1.1 Mixing and loading
  • 12.1.2 Distribution
  • 12.1.3 Re-entry
• 12.2 Personal protective gear
  • 12.2.1 Penetration characteristics of gloves
• 12.3 Penetration of benzoic acid through gloves
• 12.4 Penetration of pesticides through gloves
  • 12.4.1 Carbamates
  • 12.4.2 Pyrethroids
  • 12.4.3 Aryloxyalcanoic acids
  • 12.4.4 Organochlorines
  • 12.4.5 Organophosphates
• 12.5 Types of gloves
  • 12.5.1 Polyethylene gloves
  • 12.5.2 PVC
  • 12.5.3 Neoprene
  • 12.5.4 Latex, natural rubber
  • 12.5.5 Nitrile
  • 12,5.6 SilverShield/Laminate
  • 12.5.7 Cotton liners
• 12.6 The use and re-use of gloves
  • 12.6.1 Reusable gloves

13 Conclusions and perspectives

• 13.1 Regulatory aspects
• 13.2 Research aspects

Reference list

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Version 1.0 May 2009, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency