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Fate of Pyrethroids in Farmland Ponds

Contents

1 Preface

2 Summary

3 Sammendrag

PART I : Fate of pyrethroids in farmland ponds. Field studies

4 Introduction, part I

5 Materials and methods, part I

• 5.1 Establishing of experimental ponds, mesocosms
• 5.2 Spraying method
• 5.3 Choice of pesticides
• 5.4 Sampling method
• 5.5 Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)
• 5.6 Experimental design
• 5.7 Spraying scheme
• 5.8 Handling and preservation of samples
• 5.9 Analytical methods, pyrethroids
  • 5.9.1 Reagents
  • 5.9.2 Apparatus
  • 5.9.3 Sample preparation
  • 5.9.4 Detection by GC analysis
  • 5.9.5 Quality control
• 5.10 Side parameters

6 Results and discussion, part I

• 6.1 Pyrethroids in pond samples
  • 6.1.1 Isomerisation
  • 6.1.2 Surface microlayer
  • 6.1.3 Water column
  • 6.1.4 Enrichment in the SML
  • 6.1.5 Sediment
  • 6.1.6 SPMDs
• 6.2 Side parameters
  • 6.2.1 Chlorophyll A
  • 6.2.2 Other side parameters
  • 6.2.3 Total Phosphorus and total nitrogen
  • 6.2.4 Aquatic fauna
  • 6.2.5 Texture

7 References, part I

PART II : Fate of pyrethroids in farmland ponds. Experimental data interpretation using mathematical models

8 Introduction, part II

9 Aim and solution strategy, part II

10 Physicochemical characteristics, part II

11 Experimental results, part II

• 11.1 The Artificial Ponds
  • 11.1.1 Surface micro layer (SML)
  • 11.1.2 Water column
• 11.2 Additional experiment for fenvalerate

12 System description, part II

• 12.1 Relevant transport mechanisms and processes
• 12.2 Governing assumptions
  • 12.2.1 Transport description
  • 12.2.2 Processes

13 Model formulations, part II

• 13.1 Formulation of sub-models
  • 13.1.1 Process modelling
  • 13.1.2 Transport modelling
• 13.2 Combining the sub models
  • 13.2.1 Surface micro layer (SML)
  • 13.2.2 Water column and sediment
• 13.3 The relative complexity of the models
• 13.4 Solution and calibration methodology
  • 13.4.1 Solution methodology
  • 13.4.2 Calibration methodology

14 Sediment/water system analysis, part II

• 14.1 Same substance, same pond
• 14.2 Same substance, different ponds
  • 14.2.1 General model testing for fenpropathrin
  • 14.2.2 The difference between the ponds 3 and 4 (1996 spraying)
• 14.3 Different substances, same pond
• 14.4 Lab scale sediment/water experiment
• 14.5 Discussion of calibrated parameter values
• 14.6 Generalised time-concentration curve

15 Surface micro layer, part II

16 Conclusion, part II

17 Symbols, part II

18 References, part II

Appendix A

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Version 1.0 September 2004, © Danish Environmental Protection Agency