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Fate of Pesticides in Surface Waters, Laboraty and Field Experiments
Table of Contents
Preface
Summary
Sammenfatning
1 Introduction
1.1 Laboratory experiments for evaluation of adsorption and degradation processes
1.2 Full-scale experiments in ponds using controlled and known substance input
2 Model pesticides
3 Introduction laboratory experiments
4 Methods and materials, laboratory experiments
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 14C-labelled pesticides and chemicals
4.1.2 Sediments
4.1.3 Stream water
4.2 Set-up overview
4.3 Experimental procedures
4.3.1 “Kinetic” sorption experiments
4.3.2 “Kinetic” desorption experiments
4.3.3 “Equilibrium” sorption experiments
4.3.4 Degradation experiments
4.3.5 Pesticide solutions used in experiments
5 Results and discussion, laboratory experiments
5.1 “Kinetic” sorption experiments
5.1.1 Pendimethalin and pond sediment
5.1.2 Pendimethalin and stream sediments
5.1.3 Kinetic sorption to Lake Vaparanta sediment
5.1.4 Ioxynil and stream sediments
5.1.5 Fitting of model to experimental sorption data
5.2 Desorption experiments
5.3 “Equilibrium” sorption experiments
5.4 Relationship between Kd and sorption rate constants
5.5 Recovery and accuracy of sorption and desorption experiments
5.6 Degradation experiments
5.6.1 Fitting of model to degradation data
5.6.2 Fitting of model to pendimethalin degradation data
5.6.3 Fitting of model to ioxynil degradation data
5.7 Particle concentration and biodegradation
5.7.1 Model set-up
6 Conclusions from laboratory experiments
7 Materials and methods, field experiments
7.1 Experimental ponds
7.2 Spraying of pesticides
7.3 Sampling techniques
7.3.1 Water samples
7.3.2 Sediment samples
7.4 Methods of analysis
7.4.1 Water samples
7.4.2 Sediment samples
8 Results and discussion, field experiments
8.1 Bentazone and ioxynil
8.2 Pendimethalin and fenpropimorph
8.2.1 Water phase
8.2.2 Sediment
8.3 Glyphosate and AMPA
8.3.1 Water phase
8.3.2 Sediment
8.4 Comparison with effect studies in mesocosm systems
9 Conclusions from field experiments
10 References
Appendix A. Preparation of pesticide solutions
Appendix B. Results
Appendix C. Experiment with glass surfaces
Appendix D. Experiment with filters
Appendix E. Experiment with glass and plastic pipettes
Appendix F. The influence of pH on sorption coefficients
Appendix G. Sorption model
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